Reading

 http://nldsaaustralia.blogspot.com/2021/01/download-myanmar-book.html?m=1

LEADERSHIP
ဦး​ေဆာင္​လမ္​းျပသူ
L- Love
ခ်စ္​ျခင္​း​ေမတၱာသံ​ေယာဇဥ္​
E- Encouragement
အား​ေပးတိုက္​တြန္​းျခင္​း
A- Accountability
တာဝန္​ခံမႈ
D- Dynamic
စြမ္​းအား
E- Education
ပညာ​ေရး
R- Responsibility
တာဝန္​သိမႈ
S- Service and Sacrifice
ဝန္​​ေဆာင္​မႈႏွင္​့ အနစ္​နာခံမႈ
H- Helpfulness
အကူအညီ​ေပးတတ္​ျခင္​း
I- Individuality
ကိုယ္​ပိုင္​ဟန္​႐ွိ​ေသာ
P- prayer and preparation
သင္​ၾကားပို႔ခ်ျခင္​းႏွင္​့ ႀကိဳတင္​ျပင္​ဆင္​မႈ

Do’s and Don’ts
Be proud to work at the Hotel. ဟိုတယ္တြင္ အလုပ္လုပ္ရသည္ကို ဂုဏ္ယူပါ။
Do exceed the expectations of guests.ဧည့္သည္မ်ား ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ထားႏိုင္သည္တို.ထက္ ေက်ာ္လြန္စြာလုပ္ျပပါ။
Do have fun at work and in your job. လုပ္ငန္းခြင္အတြင္း ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္စြာ လုပ္ေဆာင္ပါ။
Do be creative, think of new ideas. အၾကံဥာဏ္စိတ္ကူးအသစ္မ်ား လွပဆန္းက်ယ္မွူမ်ားကို ဖန္တီးပါ။
Do find solutions to problems. ျပႆနာ၏ ရင္းျမစ္ကိုရွာေဖြ၍ ေျဖရွင္းေပးပါ။
Do come to work on time. လုပ္ငန္းခြင္သို. အခ်ိန္မွီ ၀င္ေရာက္ပါ။
Do be well groomed at all times. အျမဲတမ္း သပ္ရပ္စြာ ၀တ္ဆင္ပါ။
Don’t gossip and back bite. အခ်င္းခ်င္း ကြယ္ရာတြင္ မေကာင္းသတင္းေျပာျခင္း၊ အပုပ္ခ်ေျပာဆိုျခင္း၊ ေျပာဆိုေသာ စကားမ်ားအားသယ္ေဆာင္ ျဖန္.ေ၀ျခင္း မ်ားမျပဳလုပ္ရ။
Do not be Lazy, work hard. ပ်င္းရိေလးလံစြာ မေနရ၊ ၾကိဳးစား၍ လုပ္ေဆာင္ပါ။
Do follow the policies and procedures. ခ်မွတ္ထားေသာ နည္းလမ္း စနစ္မ်ားကို လိုက္နာပါ။
Do ask for help if you need it. အကူအညီ လိုအပ္ေနလွ်င္ ေတာင္းခံပါ။
Do ask questions if you do not understand. နားမလည္လွ်င္ ေမးပါ။
Do participate as an active team member. တတ္ၾကြေသာ အဖြဲ.၀င္တစ္ေယာက္အေနျဖင့္ ပူးေပါင္းပါ၀င္ပါ။
Do come to work with a smile and a positive attitude. လုပ္ငန္းခြင္သို.အျပံဳးႏွင့္ အတူ ေကာင္းမြန္သည့္အမွတ္ လကၡဏာ မ်ားယူေဆာင္လာပါ။
Do have a “Can do” approach. မိမိ လုပ္ေဆာင္ႏုိင္သည္ ဟူေသာခံယူခ်က္မ်ိဳး အျမဲထားပါ။
Do learn your job, learn about the resort and take great care of each other and the guest at all times. မိမိ၏ ဟိုတယ္ ႏွင့္ လုပ္ငန္း၏ သင္ယူစရာမ်ားကို ဂရုတစိုက္ေလ့လာ သင္ယူ၍ ဧည့္သည္မ်ားကို အျမဲတမ္း ဂရုစိုက္ပါ။
Do your best at all times. အေကာင္းဆံုး ပံုစံျဖင့္ အျမဲတမ္းလုပ္ေဆာင္ပါ။
Do work as a team, help each other. အသင္းအဖြဲ.စိတ္ဓါတ္ျဖင့္လုပ္ေဆာင္ပါ။ အခ်င္းခ်င္း ကူညီပါ။
Do attend training sessions and follows the SOPs. သင္တန္းမ်ားကို မပ်က္မကြက္တတ္ေရာက္၍ SOPs မ်ားကို လိုက္နာပါ။
7 Question You Should not Ask Your Guests မေမးသင့္ေသာ ေမးခြန္းခုႏွစ္မ်ိဳး
If you ask this kind of question to your guest then he or she will be irritated and that may be a reason of negative impact in your business.
Do not ask the age : Do not personally ask the age of the guests, especially women. အသက္မေမးရ။
Do not ask about marital status : Marriage is a personal privacy, the others find out this information to be rude. Find out if the opposite sex, even inappropriate. In case of addressing to lady it is often safe to call them as Ms..or Madam [ regardless of age ]. အိမ္ေထာင္ရွိ ၊ မရွိ မေမးရ။
Do not ask about income : income to some extent related to the status and personal ability and is a person’s face. Income related housing, property should not be talking about. လစာ၀င္ေငြ အေၾကာင္းမေမးရ။ Do not ask about address :လိပ္စာ မေမးရ၊ Do not ask about experience : But you can ask about his or her experience about your hotel, hotel’s service, etc. အေတြ.အၾကံဳ မ်ားမေမးရ။ Do not ask about Faith : Religious belief and political views are very serious business, not lip service. ပုဂိၢဳလ္ ေရး ယံုၾကည္ခ်က္၊ ခံယူခ်က္ မ်ားအေၾကာင္းမေမးရ။ Do not ask about the Body : People who have the weight problem, do not ask his weight, he can not just fat than others. Can not ask whether the whole people had cosmetic surgery, whether wigs or false teeth. ခႏၱာကိုယ္အေလးခ်ိန္၊ က်မ္းမာေရးမ်ား ကိုမေမးရ။
Dos and Don’ts for the service staff Dos
Always wash your hands after visiting toilet. သန္.စင္ခန္းသံုးျပီးတိုင္း လက္ကိုစင္ၾကယ္စြာေဆးပါ။
Always keep the waiter’s friend such as pen, service cloth, note pad, etc .ေဘာ့ပင္၊ စာအုပ္ စသည့္ မိမိတို.လုပ္ငန္းသံုးအေဖာ္မ်ားကို အျမဲေဆာင္ထားပါ။
Always keep the order slip with you. မွာၾကားခ်က္မ်ား လက္ခံႏိုင္ရန္ စာရြက္ကို အျမဲေဆာင္ထားပါ။
Make sure that everything clean, look neat and tidy. အရာအားလံုးသန္.ရွင္းေနပါေစ၊ ျမင္ကြင္းအတြင္းရွိ အရာ အားလံုး သပ္သပ္ရပ္ရပ္ ရွိေနပါေစ။
Always smile အျမဲတမ္း ျပံဳးေနပါ။
Always give good service to your guests, be as helpful as you can. ဧည့္သည္မ်ားအားလံုးကို ေကာင္းမြန္ေသာ ၀င္ေဆာင္မွုေပးပါ၊ ကူညီႏိုင္သေလာက္ အစြမ္းကုန္ကူညီပါ။
Treat everyone the same, treat your guest with respect. အားလံုးကို တူညီစြာ ဆက္ဆံပါ၊ ေလးစားစြာ ဆက္ဆံပါ။
Don’ts
Don’t sit in the restaurant. စားေသာက္ခန္းအတြင္း မထိုင္ရ။
Don’t speak loudly. က်ယ္ေလာင္စြာ စကားေျပာဆိုျခင္း လွမ္းေအာ္ျခင္းမ်ား မလုပ္ရ။
Don’t eat any strong smelling food such as palm, garlic, chewing gum, etc. အနံ.ျပင္းေသာ အစားအစာမ်ား စားသံုးျခင္း မျပဳလုပ္ရ။
Don’t argue with the guest. ဧည့္သည္မ်ားႏွင့္ ျငင္းခံုခ်င္း မျပဳလုပ္ရ။
Don’t lean against the wall or side board, table or other furniture. ပ်င္းရိေသာ ပံုစံျဖင့္ နံရံ၊ စားပြဲ၊ ေကာင္တာ၊ ႏွင့္ အျခား ပရိေဘာဂ မ်ားကို မွီတြယ္ရပ္ေနျခင္း မလုပ္ရ။
Don’t run in the restaurant or in the service (go quickly but do not run ) . လုပ္ငန္းခြင္အတြင္း ျမန္ျမန္လမ္းေလွ်ာက္ပါ၊ မေျပးရ၊
Don’t tucked the service cloth under the arm or into a pocket. လက္ပိုက္ထားျခင္း၊ ေဘာင္းဘီအိပ္ထဲ လက္ႏိွုက္ထားျခင္း မ်ားမလုပ္ရ။
Don’t quarrel in the restaurant. စကားမ်ား ျငင္းခံုမ်ားမလုပ္ရ။
Don’t listen to guest’s conversation. ဧည့္သည္မ်ားေျပာဆိုေနေသာ စကားမ်ားကို သီးသန္.ရပ္၍ နားေထာင ္ျခင္းမ်ိဳး မလုပ္ရ။
Never use bad languages. ဗန္းစကားမ်ားအသံုးျပဳျခင္း မျပဳလုပ္ရ။
Do not bring your problems at work. ျပသနာကို အလုပ္သို႔သယ္ေဆာင္လာျခင္း မျပဳလုပ္ရ။
Etiquette and Behavior က်င့္ဝတ္ထံုးတမ္း ႏွင္႔ ျပဳမွုက်င့္ႀကံပံု
Walk quickly but do not run. ျမန္ျမန္ေလွ်ာက္ပါ၊ မေျပးရ။
Walk erect. မတ္မတ္ေနပါ။
Wear issue uniform as specified. ထုပ္ေပးထားသည့္ တူညီ၀တ္စံု ကို အတိအက် ၀တ္ဆင္ပါ။
No slicing. လွ်ပ္တိုက္ မေလွ်ာက္ရ။
No shouting. ေအာ္ေငါက္ျခင္း မလုပ္ရ။
No singing. သီခ်င္းဆိုျခင္း။
No pointing. လက္ညိုးထိုးေျပာဆိုျခင္း။
No spitting. တံေထြးေထြးျခင္း။
No leaning or slouching. တစ္ခုခုကို မွီတြယ္ေနျခင္း၊ ေခါင္းငံု.၍ေၾကာက္ရႊံ.သည့္ပံုစံေနျခင္း။
No belching. ေလခ်ဥ္တတ္ျခင္း။
No farting. ေလလည္ျခင္း။
No arguing. ျငင္းခံုျခင္း။
No giggling in front of the guest. ဧည့္သည္ေရွ.တ ြင္ တခစ္ခစ္ရယ္ေမာေျပာဆိုျခင္း။
No smoking unless in the allocated areas. သတ္မွတ္မထားေသာေနရာတြင္ ေဆးလိပ္ေသာက္ သံုးျခင္း။
Do not adjust and /or friddle with uniform or garment in public. လူျမင္ကြင္းတြင္ ၀တ္စံုကို ျပင္ဆင္ျခင္း၊ ဆန့္ျခင္း။
Never smoked drugs on or duty. တာဝန္ခ်ိန္တြင္ ေဆးလိပ္ေသာက္ျခင္း။
Never drink alcohol before or during duty. တာဝန္ခ်ိန္တြင္ အရက္ေသစာ ေသာက္စားျခင္း။
Never stare or gossip. စူးရဲစြာ စိုက္ၾကည့္ျခင္း၊ အတင္းေျပာျခင္း။
Never listen into people’s conversation. လူမ်ားေျပာဆိုေနေသာ စကားမ်ားကို နားေထာင္ျခင္း။
Never sit at a guest table. ဧည့္သည္စားပြဲတြင္ ထိုင္ျခင္း။
Never speak too quickly or mumble. ျမန္ျမန္စကားေျပာျခင္း၊ မသဲမကြဲေျပာဆိုျခင္း မလုပ္ရ။
Never bend over too much. လြန္က်ဴးစြာ ခါးကိုင္းညႊတ္ျခင္း မျပဳလုပ္ရ။
Never bring your problems at work. မိမိတို.၏ပုဂၢိဳလ္ေရးျပႆနာမ်ားကို လုပ္ငန္းခြင္သို. ယူေဆာင္ လာျခင္းမျပဳလုပ္ရ။
Never refuse to help a guest or a colleague. ဧည့္သည္ သို. လုပ္ေဖာ္ကိုင္ဖက္၀န္ထမ္း၏ အကူအညီ ေတာင္းခံမွူကို မျငင္းဆိုရ။
Visible tattoos are not allowed. ျမင္ႏိုင္ေသာေနရာတြင္ ေဆးမွင္ေၾကာင္မထိုးရ။
Keep hands behind your back or at your sides, no folded arms and put inside to the pant. မတ္တပ္ရပ္ေနစဥ္ ကိုယ္ေနဟန္ထားမွာ လက္ႏွစ္ဖက္ကို ေနာက္တြင္ျဖစ္ေစ၊ ေရွ.တြင္ျဖစ္ေစ ယွက္ထားပါ။ လက္ကိုေအာက္သို. ဆန္.မထားရ၊ ခါးေနရာတြင္ထားပါ။ ေဘာင္းဘီအိပ္ထဲသို.လက္ႏွုိက္မထားရ။

#myanmar hotel knowledges

Removing Water Marks from a Fabric Lamp Shade

Removing Water Marks from a Fabric Lamp Shade

Recipe

¼ cup dish liquid

¼ tsp. household ammonia

½ tsp. white vinegar

2 cups warm water

Blend together until it foams (I just used my whisk).  Dab with sponge on stains and rub lightly.  Wipe with sponge until stain disappears. Lightly moisten entire area of fabric so you don't create more water stains. Dry on cool setting of hair dryer.

I had a few stubborn stains that were much lightened but still visible so I just sprayed Spray 'n Wash on them and rubbed a bit with the damp sponge.  Then there was a titch of yellow still left in some stubborn areas so I sprayed again with Simple Solution Stain and Odor Remover that I keep to clean up dog potty accidents.  As you're drying with the hair dryer, if you see any remains of a water spot, just wipe with damp sponge and dry again.  The silky type fabric was temperamental.

Voila!  A lamp shade like new.

 

#Crd George Girls

I. Laundry manager interview questions and answers:

As Laundry manager position, please tell me about yourself?

This question is one of the most frequently asked questions. Where do you start? What do they really want to know? Are you to begin from elementary school or college? You have to be very careful on how you answer this question because your answer here sets the tone for the rest of the interview. This question is mostly asked as an icebreaker but if you did not prepare for it, it becomes a real problem.

The right approach to this is to discuss your key strengths and how they relate to the job. Talk about a few of your accomplishments. Talk about your current employer and then tell them how you see yourself fitting into a position at their company.

Related posts: 10 tips to answer question: tell me about yourself?

As Laundry manager position, how would your co-workers describe you?

Questions such as this one are asked with the aim of getting you to discuss some of your qualities, perhaps hidden that you wouldn’t have mentioned if you weren’t asked.

“Well, my colleagues will tell you they can count on me. They will tell you that I am a team player and someone they enjoy working with.”

As Laundry manager position, what is your viewpoint of management?

The aim of this question is to ascertain the kind of leader you are. If you ever get to hold a management position in their firm, how would you handle issues of workload delegation or teach your subordinates?

I am of the opinion that a team should have specific individuals who are experts or most qualified to handle certain tasks, so as a leader, I would distribute the workload as evenly as possible to ensure that the best hands for different tasks are put where they are most effective. This will be done by ensuring that every member of the team has the skill and resource needed to complete his/her tasks.

As Laundry manager position, what would you do if you had a subordinate doing their job inefficiently?

Leadership comes with responsibility so an effective way to approach this question would be “ everyone that works with me is an extension of my effectiveness as a manager and as such, I will have a heart-to-heart with the employee in question however, if nothing changes and it starts to affect the company bottom line, well, that’s my responsibility as well”

As Laundry manager position, how do you measure your success as a manager?

Whatever you say, your response must be measurable targets. Your interviewers are trying to size up what you truly bring to the table and it is better for you to offer quantifiable answers. A good response would be “Management basically has the responsibility to set goals and ensure that these goals are met. Building a strong team capable of withstanding any pressure, working with relevant data and ensuring that all deadlines are met. The company will always continue to grow under my supervision.”

As Laundry manager position, how do you keep staff members motivated?

Questions about delegating tasks and motivating staff are quite common in management job interviews. Your emphases should be on team building when answering this question. You can say something like “I always endeavor to show recognition to members of staff that meet goals and in my experience, I have seen that this keeps them motivated to take on more tasks. Where possible, I make the tasks delegation interdependent so that staff members can learn to work with each other and improve one another to get the best out of themselves.”

Think of a good decision you made and a recent decision that wasn't good. What did you do differently in making these decisions?

Your answers should focus on how well you can review relevant facts, consider various options and select the most appropriate option. Discuss how you factor in variables such as constraints and resources.

When delegating a recent duty, plz describe how you showed your confidence in the person's ability to do the job?

Discuss your method of assigning responsibility to the best candidates. How you communicate with employees to make them understand what is expected of them and how you make sure that the employees have the resources needed to carry out specific tasks. You should also chip in your follow-up procedures.

As Laundry manager position, where do you see yourself in 5 years? Or what are your career goals?

It is crucial that you discuss your objectives and how you intend to achieve them.

For instance: I would like to be the best in my department or I’d love to be the person my colleagues can rely on. I also feel I would be skilled and experienced enough to handle whatever responsibilities might come my way.

Related posts:

+ 10 tips to answer question: what are your career goals

+ Top 10 career goals examples

Why should we hire you as Laundry manager position?

This is a very common question that is asked in almost every interview. I love this question because it gives you the opportunity to sell yourself. Discuss what makes you standout from the crowd and show them how you can help advance their company. Remember to be specific. This is where all the company research you have done comes into play. You should have an idea as to why the company is hiring or looking to hire someone for that position. What problem do they have that they are looking for people to help them solve? And once you can establish this, you are to show them how you can solve this problem for them.

DO:

• Highlight the qualities that make you the most qualified for the position – present yourself as the candidate that solves their problem
• Let them know that you already know certain things about the company and their general practice because you have researched the firm and are prepared.
• Tell a success story that emphasizes your qualities and how they helped solve a problem similar to theirs.

DON’T:

• When you here things like “we already have lots of qualified candidates” do not get discouraged. If they already have the right person for the job, they wouldn’t bother looking for someone to hire
• This is your chance to shine, do not ruin it by being too modest, but do not be arrogant
• Don’t generalize things, it doesn’t help
• Your response should be geared towards why you are the perfect fit for the job and not why you want the job.

As Laundry manager position, what is the most difficult situation you have had to face and how did you tackle it?

The reason why you are asked this question is to hear what you consider difficult and how you approached the situation. Select a difficult work situation, which wasn’t caused by you and can be explained in a few sentences. You can then show yourself in a positive light by explaining how you handled the situation.

What is your greatest strength as Laundry manager position?

This could be a very simple question if you are prepared for it. You just have to talk about the strengths that you know would be of value to the company.

DO:

• Make the most of this question. This question gives you the control to guide the interview to where you want it so take advantage.
• Emphasize the strengths you have that are crucial to the position
• Find out from the job description and from company research, the kind of strengths the company invests in.

DON’T:

• Do not be too modest or claim to be what you are not
• Do not try to mention things you cannot illustrate with a brief example
• Do not mention the strengths that aren’t relevant to the job at hand

Related post: List of 24 job strengths

As Laundry manager position, what are your weaknesses?

Turn this question into a strength question in disguise. For instance, say something like “I do not like not being challenged at work” or you could mention a weakness that has nothing to do with the job and that you can overcome with training. This way, you end up turning this potentially tricky question into a positive.

Sometimes, you may be asked about certain challenges you faced in your previous position. If you are asked this question, lean towards the problem that happened early in your carrier and that you were able to solve. Do not try to blame others, just identify the problem and the role you played in solving it.

Why do you want to work for us as Laundry manager position?

Here, they just want to know how motivated you are about the position or if you are just there for the pay. They want to ascertain that you would form an important part of the company. You have to show them that you are willing to be part of the company and would do all you can to ensure you and the company grows together.

You can also try to show them the alignment between their needs and yours.

DO:

• Talk about the things you like about the firm. This can only be possible if you have done your homework before the interview.
• Be complimentary; people enjoy compliments but just don’t overdo it
• Emphasize your strengths and how they align with the position and company culture.

DON’T:

• Don’t give the impression that you are there because you need money
• Don’t give the impression that you may be gone in a couple of months.

As Laundry manager position, would you describe a typical day in your current job?

As much as you want to sell your self in a good light, do not make the mistake of exaggerating your current position. Add some of your routine tasks to make it realistic and don’t neglect tings like paperwork. Try to be in the interviewers shoes as you answer this question. A job you have been doing for years should be part of you already and as such; you must know all the tasks you undertake. Try to show them that you plan well before you begin work and after you attain your goals, you review the process to see how you could be more efficient.

As Laundry manager position, what is your greatest accomplishment?

This is just like the “what is your greatest strength?” question and should be treated similarly. You should pick accomplishments that show that you have the qualities the company is looking for and this adds value to you as a candidate for the position you are interviewing for. You may have achieved a lot over the years but for the sake of the interview, pick only the relevant ones

DO:

• Highlight the accomplishments that show what makes you the perfect candidate for the position
• Show passion for the job as you discuss anything

DON’T:

• Do not ever think your accomplishments are too small. Remember that an accomplishment, no matter how little can be more relevant if it is line with the position than a massive breakthrough that isn’t related.

As Laundry manager position, how do you respond to working under pressure?

The essence of this question is to test your composure, ability to solve problems and staying true to the task, even in unfavorable conditions. Give an example of a time where you were faced with a challenge and what you did to remedy the situation. In the process, highlight how you were calm and in control till everything was okay.

As Laundry manager position, why do you wish to leave your present job?

No matter what you say, do not mention negative things about your employer, neither should you mention anything about more money being the reason. The reason is simple; if you are leaving a company because of money to come to theirs, you will definitely leave them to move on to another if it promises a better paycheck. Your best bet is to ay it on responsibility and challenge and how your previous position want challenging you enough. Indicate that you yearn for more responsibility and how what you have to offer outweighs the responsibility and challenge posed by your former position.

As Laundry manager position, what sort of salary are you looking for?

Note that whenever you are going for an interview, this question may be asked. Before going, try to find out what the average salary for someone holding that position in that industry is paid. This would help prepare you for what is in front of you.

Do not forget that this is only an interview and you haven’t been offered the job, so do not go on negotiating. Just state something within the range you have researched and move on. Whatever you do, do not sell yourself short.

Related post: 10 tips to get high salary

As Laundry manager position, what questions do you have for me?

About 3 in 4 candidates respond with a ‘No’ and this is a very poor response.

This question is the perfect opportunity you need to show that you are different from every other candidate. Have a couple of questions prepared. It shows you are motivated and you have some knowledge about the company you are applying to

Tips to answer this question:

• Your approach to this question should be mostly on what you can do for them
• Ask about something you discovered while doing your research about the company
• Always have a question – don’t ever say ‘No, I think that all for now’
• Do not make your questions about yourself
• Don’t ask about time offs and benefits at this point
• Don’t ask questions that have ready answers you could have found on your own
• Do not ask how soon you can start applying for other positions within the company.

Related post: Top 10 questions to ask employer

II. Laundry manager interview tips:

1. Conduct research on the employer, hiring manager, and job opportunity

a solid foundation of knowledge about the position on the job seeker’s part serves as the base for success in any job interview. You need to have little knowledge about the employer, the background of the people interviewing you and the requirements of the job. You will understand your employer better by doing research. Study as much publications about the company as you can lay your hands on, go through their website like your interview depends on it, ask questions about the company, learn as much as you can about the interview and the position you are interviewing for and you will be alright.

2. Review common interview questions and prepare your responses related to Laundry manager position

Another important step to interview success is preparing for likely questions. If possible, ask the hiring manager the type of interview you should expect – group or one-on-one. Will you meet a single interviewer or a team of interviewers? The aim of this is to try to make calculated guesses on the type of interview and probably the questions you will be asked. This would then serve as the template you will use in preparing for the interview. Put your responses into story form, it helps; it works better than memorizing your answers. There are several tools available that might make your interview easier, consider the STAR interviewing Technique.

3. Dress for Success

your attire on the day should be one that fits the company culture. Try to keep it formal. It is always better to be over dressed than under dressed. You should appear clean and smart and ensure you keep your jewelry to the very minimum. Do not eat or smoke just before the interview and if possible, use mouthwash just before the interview.

4: Overcome “job interview nervous“

This is the reason why so many people perform poorly in interviews. This is worse than not preparing for the interview although, it is sometimes cause by not preparing for the interview.

Related post: 10 tips to overcome job-interview nerves

5. Arrive on Time, Relaxed and Prepared for the Interview

you have no excuse for arriving late to a job interview. As a matter of fact, you should arrive at least 15 minutes to the time so you can get settled before the actual interview begins. Arriving early also gives you the opportunity to observe the dynamics and environment of the workplace; hopefully, you might pickup on one or two things that might help you during the interview. Go with extra copies of your CV and reference list. If you have samples of jobs done in the past, go along with it; however, do not go with any confidential material from your last position. Just before you enter the office, put off your cell phone and get rid of anything in your mouth.

6. Take evidence of your achievements related to Laundry manager position

it isn’t enough to talk about your past achievements, also go along with samples or evidence. That said, you do not want to go along with materials that are confidential to your previous position because it portrays you as careless. Feel free to go along with items such as pay slips, references, league tables etc. as long as they are appropriate.

7. Focus more on what you can do for the company, rather than what they can do for you

someone usually assumes the role of the seller while another takes that of the buyer. At this stage, consider yourself the seller. As the process continues, you will most likely be asked if you have questions for them. No is not an appropriate response. It is also inappropriate to have a long list of interview questions. Keep it brief.

8. Make good first impressions

it is important that you present yourself as polite. Greet everyone you meet right from the parking attendant to the receptionist and of course, the hiring manager. Employers are usually interested in seeing how you relate with members of staff. Note that your first few seconds during the interview can make or break you so it is important you make the first few seconds count. Arrive early, dress well and when you met your interviewer, greet him/her with a smile, while standing and making eye contact. Your handshake should be firm – not too soft, not bone crushing. Remember that it is important that you show enthusiasm for the position at this stage because most interviewers lean towards a decision within the first couple of minutes of the interview.

9. Prep your greatest stories related to Laundry manager position

Amazing stories rarely come by on the fly. Therefore, get your most impactful stories ready and ensure that these stories are related to the job. Write down up to 10 different stories that sum up your experience. Story telling makes people talk naturally. Take the challenge-action-result approach. What is the challenge that prompted them to look for a person for that position? What action could be taken to solve this problem and what would the result be?

Practice by telling these stories to friends and family, after doing this a couple of times, your confidence level will naturally grow.

Related posts: 7 secrets to tells about your career stories

10. Bring examples of your work

I have been called several times by hiring managers who expressed their delight at some of my candidates who came to the interview session with samples of their work. You also have the opportunity to do this. Make the most of printed words, it shows how prepared you are and this alone might just set you apart from other candidates.

Idea: Some candidates take a copy of their most recent written review to the interview. Obviously, you should only do this if your evaluation is outstanding.

Perhaps you could come with a graph or a chat that illustrates the actions you took that saved your old company some money or even how you improved their business.

Always couch your examples with the following line of logic:

• This was the situation at the time.
• This is what I did to remedy the situation.
• My actions yielded these results.

11. Remember the importance of body language

as much as what you say and how you look is important, it is also important that you have the right body language. If your body language is wrong, it could be a reason not to hire you or in the best-case scenario, it could be a distraction. The right body language entails that you smile, have a good posture, eye contact, active listening and nodding while bad body language includes playing with a pen, slouching, looking off in the distance, touching your face, stroking your hair back, fidgeting the chair, mumbling or chewing gum.

12. Ask insightful questions

different studies have shown that many interviewers make a decision on whether a candidate really wants the job or not by the questions they ask. A hiring manager will likely be thorough in what they need so why shouldn’t you be able to ask a question or two? Asking questions shows you have interest; it shows you have done your research and that you are curious and enthusiastic about the position. Prepare these questions before walking into the interview room.

13. Sell yourself and then close the deal

the most qualified candidate on paper isn’t always the one that is hired hence the need for an interview. The person hired is usually the one that responds best to the interview questions and shows that they are the right fit for the position. Think of it as a sales transaction where you are the sales person trying to sell yourself as the product to the hiring manager.

Finally, as the interview is drawing to a close, ask about the next step to the process and if there’s a timetable you should lookout for.

14. Thank Interviewer(s) in Person, by Email, or Postal Mail.

Common courtesy and politeness demands hat you hank everyone that played a part in the interview. You should start while you’re there after which you should send thank you emails and notes to the hiring manager. This wouldn’t get you the job, but it’s an advantage over those that didn’t send.

15. Follow up afterwards

your interview day shouldn’t be the last day they hear from you. Following up helps them remember who you are and as such, you won’t be forgotten even if you don’t get the position. Send a thank you note to them and an email shortly after that if you don’t hear from them. If this earns you a follow up interview, give it your best shot!

16. If you don’t get hired, find out why

even if you give it your best shot, it doesn’t mean that you will definitely be hired. A firm cannot hire everyone and if you happen to be among those that weren’t hired, try to find out why. This could help you in your next interview. Reflect on it, check for where you could have done better and use this to prepare for the next interview.

17. Freelancer jobs

if you don’t get picked or hired, you shouldn’t be bothered. There are many jobs on the Internet that can help you earn as much, if not more than you would have earned if you worked for a company.

Sayar U Mya Kyaing's English Lesson ( Adv Clause)

Adverb Clause [M, P, T, R, P, C, C, Q]
Adverb Phrase တြင္ ပံုေသ ေနရာ အတိအက်မရွိသကဲ့သို႔ Adverb Clause တြင္လည္း ပံုေသာေနရာအတိအက် မရွိပါ။ သို႔ရာတြင္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ခ်က္ အေပၚတြင္ မူတည္ကာ Adverb Clause ကို အေျခခံအားျဖင့္ ၉ မ်ိဳးေတြ႕ႏိုင္ပါသည္။ ၎တို႔မွာ -

Adverb Clause of Manner [M]

- Type this again as I showed you a moment ago.
ခုနက ငါျပထားတဲ့အတိုင္း ဒါကို ျပန္႐ိုက္ပါ။

အမူအယာျပ စကားဆက္မ်ား

as - အတိုင္း/ သလို
how/ the way - အတိုင္း/ သလို
the way in which - အတိုင္း/ သလို
in the same way - ဤနည္းအတိုင္း
as if - ဘိသကဲ့သို႔
as though - ဘိသကဲ့သို႕

Adverb Clause of Place [P]
You can’t live where you like.
မင္းႀကိဳက္တဲ့ေနရာမွာ ေနလို႔မရပါ။

ေနရာျပ စကားဆက္မ်ား
wherever - ဘယ္ေနရာျဖစ္ျဖစ္
anywhere - မည္သည့္ေနရာမဆို
everywhere - ေနရာတကာ

Adverb Clause of Time [T]

Tell him as soon as he arrives.
သူေရာက္ရင္ ေရာက္ျခင္း သူ႔ကို ေျပာလိုက္ပါ။

အခ်ိန္ျပ စကားဆက္မ်ား
as soon as - လွ်င္ … လွ်င္ျခင္း
when - ေသာအခါ
after - ၿပီးေနာက္
as - စဥ္တြင္
as long as - လွ်င္
before - မတိုင္မီ
by the time - အဲဒီအခ်ိန္ေလာက္မွာ (when)
during - အေတာအတြင္း
once - ဆိုရင္ပဲ
since - ကတည္းက
no sooner than - လွ်င္ …… လွ်င္ျခင္း
until/ till - တိုင္ေအာင္
whenever - ဘယ္အခါပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္
while - စဥ္တြင္

Once you’re seen one penguin, you’ve seen them all.
ပင္ဂြင္းတစ္ေကာင္းကို ျမင္ဖူးတယ္ ဆိုရင္ပဲ ခင္ဗ်ား အကုန္ျမင္ဖူးတာပဲေပါ့။

You can keep these records as long as you like.
ခင္ဗ်ားသေဘာက်လွ်င္ ဒီဓါတ္ျပားကို သိမ္းထားႏိုင္ပါတယ္။

Adverb Clause of Reason [R]

As/ Because/ Since there was very little support, the strike was not successful.
ေထာက္ခံမႈ အနည္းငယ္သာရေသာေၾကာင့္ သပိတ္သည္ မေအာင္ျမင္ပါ။

Mg Hla doesn’t come today because he is not feeling well.
ေနမေကာင္းေသာေၾကာင့္ ေမာင္လွ ဒီေန႔ မလာပါ။

အေၾကာင္းျပခ်က္ စကားဆက္မ်ား
seeing that = ေသာေၾကာင့္
for = ေသာေၾကာင့္

Adverb Clause of Purpose [P]
ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ကို ျပေသာ စကားဆက္မ်ားျဖစ္ေသာ ‘ေစရန္’ ၊ ‘အလို႔ငွာ’ ၊ ‘စိုးလို႔’ ဟုအနက္ရေသာ စကားဆက္မ်ားျဖစ္သည့္ so that, in order that, in case, lest and fear that တို႔ျဖင့္ေရးသားေသာ Clauses မ်ားျဖစ္သည္။ ဥပမာ -

I’ve arrived early so that I will get a good view.
ျမင္ကြင္းေကာင္းေကာင္းရ ေစရန္ ငါ ေစာေစာေရာက္တယ္။

I arrived early so as not to miss anything.
ဘယ္အရာမွ လက္မလြတ္သြားေစရန္ အလို႔ငွာ ငါ ေစာေစာေရာက္သည္။

in case, lest, for fear that အဆိုပါစကားဆက္မ်ားသည္ ‘စိုးလို႔’ ဟု အနက္ရပါသည္။

I asked them to ring first lest we were out.
ငါတို႔အျပင္ေရာက္ေနမွာ စိုးလို႔ အရင္ဖံုးဆက္ဖို႔ သူတို႔ကို မွွာထားတယ္။
Adverb Clause of Conditional [C]
အေျခအေနျပ စကားဆက္မ်ားပါေသာ Clauses မ်ားျဖစ္သည္။ ဥပမာ -
If the rain stops, we’ll be able to go for a walk.
မိုးတိတ္လွ်င္ ငါတို႔လမ္းေလွ်ာက္ထြက္ႏိုင္တာေပါ့။
အေျခအေနေပး စကားဆက္မ်ား ႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္၍ ‘if’ အေၾကာင္းကို အနည္းငယ္ တင္ျပရန္လိုအပ္ပါသည္။ အက်ယ္ကို သိလိုပါလွ်င္ အလြန္မ်ားျပားေသာေၾကာင့္ သီးသန္႔ ေခါင္းစဥ္ျဖင့္ ေရးမွသာ ျပည့္စံုပါလိမ့္မည္။ ဤ Adverb Clause of Conditional က႑တြင္ စာဖတ္သူမ်ား ျမန္မာ ျပန္ဆိုရာတြင္ လြယ္ကူေစ႐ုံသာ တင္ျပသြားပါမည္။

‘if’ ကို အေျခခံအားျဖင့္ ပံုစံ (၃) မ်ိဳးေတြ႕ႏိုင္ပါသည္။ ၎တို႔မွာ -
1. If + S + present, S + will + v.
If I lose my job, I will go abroad.
အလုပ္မရွိရင္ ငါ ႏိုင္ငံျခားသြားမယ္။

2. If + S + past, S + would + v.
If I lost my job, I would go abroad.
ငါသာ အလုပ္မရွိခဲ့ရင္ ႏိုင္ငံျခားသြားမွာ။
(အခု အလုပ္ရွိတယ္ သြားဖို႔ မလိုပါ။)

3. If + S + had+ past participle, S + would have + past participle.
If I had lost my job, I would have gone abroad.
အလုပ္သာမရွိရင္ ငါ ႏိုင္ငံျခားသြားေကာင္း သြားရမယ္။
(အလုပ္လည္းရွိ၊ လစာလည္းေကာင္း၍ သြားရန္ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေျခ မရွိသေလာက္ အေျခအေနကို ျပသည္။)

‘if’ ကို ‘ရင္’ ၊ ‘လွ်င္’ ျဖင့္သာ အဓိပၸာယ္ ေကာက္ရပါသည္။

ေဖာ္ျပပါ ပံုစံ (၃) မ်ိဳးမွ ခြဲထြက္လာေသာ ပံုစံကြဲမ်ား မ်ားစြာရိွပါသည္။ ၎တို႔အနက္မွ စာဖတ္သူ အခက္အခဲ ျဖစ္ေစႏိုင္ေသာ ပံုစံကို အနည္းငယ္ တင္ျပပါမည္။

ပံုစံ (၁)
If + should
If he should call, tell him I’ll ring back.
သူဖံုးေခၚရင္ ငါ ျပန္ဆက္မယ္လို႔ ေျပာလိုက္။

အထက္ပါပံုစံ If + should ကို If ျဖဳတ္ကာ ေရးႏိုင္ပါသည္။
Should he call, tell him I’ll ring back. (အဓိပၸာယ္အတူတူပင္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။)

ပံုစံ(၂)
Imperative + Conjunction + Clause
အမိန္႔ေပး/ ခိုင္းေစ + စကားဆက္ + ဝါက်ခြဲ
(အနက္ေကာက္ေသာအခါ ‘လွ်င္’ ျဖင့္သာ ေကာက္ရမည္။) ဥပမာ -

Fail to pay and, they’ll cut off the electricity.
ေငြေပးဖို႔ ပ်က္ကြက္လွ်င္ သူတို႔ကို မီးျဖတ္လိမ့္မယ္။

Tell us what to do and, we’ll get on with it.
ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ ဘာလုပ္ရမလဲဆိုတာ ေျပာရင္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ ဆက္လုပ္မွာေပါ့။

Stop eating sweets, or you won’t get any dinner.
အခ်ိဳေတြစားတာ မရပ္ဘူးဆိုရင္ မင္း ညစာစားလို႔ရမွာ မဟုတ္ဘူး။

Take a taxi, or you will miss the train.
အငွားယဥ္ မေခၚဘူးဆိုရင္ မင္း ရထားလြတ္သြားလိမ့္မယ္။

ပံုစံ(၃)
If + were to + would
If the government were to cut tax, price would fall.
အစိုးရကသာ အခြန္ေလွ်ာ့ရင္ ေစ်းက်မွာ။ ( အစိုးရက အခြန္မေလွ်ာ့)
၎ဝါက်ကို ‘if’ ျဖဳတ္ကာ were ေရွ႕ထုတ္ၿပီးေရးႏိုင္ပါသည္။ (အဓိပၸာယ္တူပါသည္။)
Were the government to cut tax, price would fall.

ပံုစံ(၄)
Had + S + Past Participle
မူရင္းပံုစံ (၃) – If + S + had + Past Participle ကို ‘if’ ျဖဳတ္ၿပီး ေရးထားျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ ( အဓိပၸာယ္ အတူတူပင္ ျဖစ္သည္။) ဥပမာ -
Had the management acted sooner, the strike wouldn’t have happened.
အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးဌာနက အလွ်င္အျမန္ေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ့လွ်င္ သပိတ္တိုက္ပြဲ ျဖစ္စရာ အေၾကာင္းမရွိပါ။ ( အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးဌာနက ဘာမွ မေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ့)

‘If’ ႏွင့္ အနက္တူေသာ စကားဆက္မ်ား
as long as - လွ်င္
assuming that - လွ်င္
even if - ဆိုရင္ေတာင္မွ
if only - သို႔မွသာ
on the condition that - လွ်င္
provided/ providing that - လွ်င္
so long as - လွ်င္
if not/ unless - မဟုတ္ဘူးဆိုရင္
suppose that - လွ်င္
supposing that - လွ်င္
what if - ဆိုရင္ေကာ
say - ဆိုရင္ေကာ
if so - ဒီလိုဆိုရင္
in that case - ဒီလိုဆိုရင္
then - ဒီလိုဆိုရင္

အထက္ပါ စကားဆက္ပံုစံမ်ားအတြက္ နမူနာ ဝါက် အနည္းငယ္ တင္ျပပါမည္။
What if/ Say he gets home before us and can’t get in?
သူ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ အရင္အိမ္ေရာက္ေနရင္ေကာ သူအိမ္ထဲဝင္ႏိုင္ပါ့မလား။

He may be busy, if so, (in that case) I’ll call later.
သူအလုပ္မ်ားႏုိင္တယ္။ ဒီလိုဆိုရင္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္ေနာက္မွ ျပန္ဆက္လိုက္မယ္။

‘if’ အစားသံုးေသာ အျခားပရိယာယ္မ်ား
With luck, we’ll be there by tomorrow.
ကံေကာင္ရင္ေတာ့ မနက္ျဖန္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ ေရာက္လိမ့္မယ္။

Give time, they’ll probably agree.
သူတို႔ကို အခ်ိန္ေပးမယ္ဆိုရင္ သူတို႔ သေဘာတူမွာပါ။

To hear him talk, you’d think he was a Prime Minister.
သူ႔စကားသံကို ခင္ဗ်ားၾကားလို႔ရရင္ သူ႔ကို ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္လို႔ေတာာင္ ထင္မွာ။

Without you help, I couldn’t have done it.
ခင္ဗ်ားအကူအညီသာမရရင္ အဲဒါ ကၽြန္ေတာ္လုပ္လို႔ ရမွာ မဟုတ္ဘူး။

In different circumstance, I would have said yes.
အေျခအေနသာ အေျပာင္းအလဲရွိမယ္ဆိုရင္ ဟုတ္ကဲ့ လို႔ ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ေျပာမိမွာ။
Adverb Clause of Comparison [C]
ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္ျပ စကားဆက္မ်ားျဖစ္ေသာ ‘သေလာက္’ ၊ ‘ထက္’ ဟု အဓိပၸာယ္ ရေသာ စကားဆက္မ်ားျဖစ္သည့္ ‘as … as’, ‘more … than’, less …than’ တို႔ျဖင့္ ေရးသားထားေသာ Clauses မ်ားျဖစ္သည္။ ဥပမာ -

She is as beautiful as an actress.
မင္းသမီးတစ္ေယာက္ လွသေလာက္ သူ လွပါတယ္။

He is not so tall as his brother.
သူ႔ညီ အရပ္ရွည္သေလာက္ သူ အရပ္မရွည္ပါ။

Airplane is faster than car.
ကားထက္ ေလယဥ္ပ်ံက ပိုျမန္တယ္။

The more you practise the better you get.
မင္းေလ့က်င့္ေလေလ ပိုကၽြမ္းက်င္ေလေလ ပဲ။

Adverb Clause of Contract [C]
ဆန္႔က်င္ဖက္ အဓိပၸာယ္ ျဖစ္ေစေသာ ‘သို႔ေပမယ့္’ ၊ ‘ေသာ္ျငားလည္း’ စေသာ စကားဆက္မ်ားျဖစ္သည့္ although, considering that, though, even though, even if, much as …, while, where as, how ever much/ badly/ good, no matter how စသည္တုိ႔ျဖင့္ ေရးသားထားေသ Clause မ်ားျဖစ္သည္။ ဥပမာ -

Although he works hard, he doesn’t get success.
သူ ႀကိဳးစားေပမယ့္ ေအာင္ျမင္မႈ မရဘူး။

I intend to go to Bagan, even if bus fares goes up again.
ကားခ တက္သြားေပမယ့္ ပုဂံကို သြားဖို႔စိတ္ကူးတယ္။

Much as I’d like to help, there isn’t a lot I can do.
ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ကူညီခ်င္ေပမယ့္ အမ်ားႀကီးေတာ့ မတတ္ႏိုင္ဘူး။

Adverb Clause of Qualification [Q]
အက်ိဳးျပ စကားဆက္မ်ားျဖစ္ေသာ ‘ေလာက္ေအာင္ကို’ ဟု အနက္ရသည့္ ‘so … that’, ‘such … that’ စသည့္ တို႔ျဖင့္ေရးေသာ Clauses မ်ားျဖစ္သည္။ ဥပမာ -

His reactions are so quick that no one can match him.
သူ႔ကို မည္သူမွ် မယွဥ္ႏိုင္ေလာက္ေအာင္ကို သူ႔တုန္႔ျပန္မႈမ်ားက ျမန္ဆန္တယ္။

They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them.
ဘယ္သူကမွ သူတို႔ကို မႏိုင္ေလာက္ေအာင္ကို ေတာ္ေသာ အားကစားသမားမ်ား ျဖစ္သည္။

v Adverb Clauses မ်ားသည္ အမ်ိဳးအစား အမ်ားဆံုးႏွင့္ အသံုးအမ်ားဆံုး ေတြ႔ရမည္ ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ထပ္ခါ ထပ္ခါ ဖတ္ကာ ေလ့က်င့္ေစလိုပါသည္။

Condense of Compostion

“Condense of Composition”
(ဝါက်ဖြဲ႕ထံုး အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္)
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ယခု တင္ျပမည့္ အေၾကာင္းအရာသည္ စာေရးသူ၏ ေက်းဇူးရွင္ ဆရာႀကီး ဦးျမႀကိဳင္ ကိုယ္တိုင္ရွာေဖြေတြ႕ရွိထားေသာ စာဖတ္နည္း အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္ကိျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ယခု တင္ျပမည့္ စာစုသည္ Grammar မဟုတ္ပါ၊ Grammar တြင္ပါဝင္ေသာ အခ်က္အလက္မ်ားကို ရွင္းျပထားျခင္းသာ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ထို႔အျပင္ စာတတ္ၿပီးေသာ ပညာရွင္မ်ားအတြက္လည္း မရည္ရြယ္ပါ။ အဂၤလိပ္စာ ဖတ္လိုေသာ္လည္း မည္ကဲ့သို႔ နားလည္ရမည္ မသိေသာသူမ်ား၊ အဂၤလိပ္စာ ဖတ္ရာတြင္ အခက္အခဲရွိသူမ်ား အတြက္ ရည္ရြယ္ပါသည္။

(ေက်းဇူးရွင္ ဆရာႀကီး ဦးျမႀကိဳင္အား ဤစာစု ျဖင့္ ဦးခိုက္ပူေဇာ္ပါသည္။)

အဂၤလိပ္ဘာသာစကား ေလ့လာသူတိုင္း စာေရးသားရာတြင္၊ စာဖတ္ရာတြင္ အဆင္ေျပေျပ လြယ္လြယ္ကူကူ ေလ့လာ ဖတ္႐ႈ မွတ္သား ေရးသား ႏိုင္ၾကပါေစ ……

1.Five Basic Sentences (အေျခခံဝါက် ၅ မ်ိဳး)
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အဂၤလိပ္စာကို ေလ့လာလိုသူမ်ား အေနျဖင့္ ပထမဦးစြာ ေအာက္ပါ အေျခခံဝါက် ၅ မ်ိဳးကို နားလည္ထားရမည္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

1) S + V S = Subject
2) S + V + C V = Verb
3) S + V + O C = Complement
4) S + V + I.O + D.O I.O = Indirect Object
5) S + V + O + C D.O = Direct Object

ပံုစံ (၁) S + V

A boy comes.
She sleeps.
They walk.

ေဖာ္ျပပါ ဝါက်မ်ားသည္ S, V ႏွစ္ခုတည္းရိွ႐ံုျဖင့္ အဓိပၸာယ္ ျပည့္စံုေသာ ဝါက်မ်ား ျဖစ္သည္။ အဓိပၸာယ္ ျပည့္စံုျခင္း၊ မျပည့္စံုျခင္းဆိုသည္မွာ နားလည္ျခင္း၊ နားမလည္ျခင္း ကို ဆိုလိုပါသည္။ တဖက္သား ေျပာသည့္စကားကို နားလည္လွ်င္ အဓိပၸာယ္ျပည့္စံုသည္ ဟုဆိုႏိုင္ပါသည္။ တနည္းအားျဖင့္ မိမိေျပာေသာ စကားျပည့္စံုလွ်င္ တစ္ဖက္သာ နားလည္ပါလိမ့္မည္။ ထိုကဲ့သို အဓိပၸာယ္ ျပည့္စံုေသာ စာေၾကာင္း တစ္ေၾကာင္းကို ဝါက်ဟု ဆိုႏိုင္ပါသည္။

ပံုစံ (၂) S + V + C

He is a student. (n)
He is clever. (adj)
He is here. (adv)
He is in the garden. (phrase)

အထက္ပါ ဝါက်မ်ားတြင္ S, V ႏွစ္ခုတည္းျဖင့္ အဓိပၸာယ္ မျပည့္စံုေသာေၾကာင့္ (ဝါ) နားမလည္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ထပ္မံျဖည့္ေပး ရပါသည္။ ထိုကဲ့သို႔ ထပ္မံျဖည့္ေပးရေသာ အရာကို အျဖည့္ပုဒ္ (complement) ဟု ေခၚပါသည္။ ထိုအျဖည့္ပုဒ္ (complement) ေနရာတြင္ အထက္ပါ ဥပမာ ဝါက်မ်ားအရ (၄)မ်ိဳးရွိေၾကာင္းေတြ႕ႏိုင္ပါသည္။ ၎တို႔မွာ _

1) Noun (student)
2) Adjective (clever)
3) Adverb (here)
4) Phrase (in the garden)

ပံုစံ (၃) S + V + O

He kills a mouse.

ေဖာ္ျပပါ ဥပမာ ဝါက်တြင္ S, V ႏွစ္ခုတည္းျဖင့္ မျပည့္စံုေသာေၾကာင့္ ထပ္မံျဖည့္ ေပးရန္လိုအပ္ပါသည္။ သို႔ရာတြင္ ယခု ဝါက်တြင္ ထပ္မံျဖည့္ေပးရေသ စကားလံုးသည္ “အျဖည့္ပုဒ္” (complement) မဟုတ္ဘဲ “ကံပုဒ္” (object) ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ အဘယ္ေၾကာင့္ဆိုေသာ္ He is ဟူေသာ S ႏွင့္ V ႏွစ္ခုတည္းျဖင့္ မျပည့္စံုေသာအခါ ထပ္ျဖည့္ေပးရေသာ a student သည္ V ျဖစ္ေသာ is ၏ ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းကို မခံရပါ။ ပံုစံ (၃) ဥပမာ ဝါက်ျဖစ္ေသာ He kills ဟူေသာ S ႏွင့္ V တြင္ သူသည္ သတ္သည္ ဆို႐ံုမွ်ျဖင့္ အဓိပၸာယ္မျပည့္စံုသည့္အျပင္ သတ္သည္ဟူေသာ V ေၾကာင့္ သတ္ျခင္းကို ခံရေသာ “ကံပုဒ္” (object) ျဖစ္သြားပါသည္။ အလြယ္ဆံုး မွတ္သားလွ်င္ V တစ္ခုေတြ႕လွ်င္ ျမန္မာလို “ဘာကို” ဟု ဘာသာျပန္ ၾကည့္ပါ။ ဥပမာ – He beats သူသည္ ႐ိုက္သည္ “ဘာကို” ႐ိုက္တာလဲ ? He knows သူသည္ သိသည္ “ဘာကို” သိတာလဲ ? He eats သူသည္ စားသည္ “ဘာကို” စားတာလဲ ? ေဖာ္ျပပါ ဥပမာမ်ားအရ “ကံပုဒ္” (object) လိုပါသည္။

ပံုစံ (၄) S + V + I.O + D.O

He gives me a book.
အဆိုပါဝါက်တြင္ “ဘာကို” ဟူသည့္ ကံပုဒ္ (object) အျပင္ “ဘယ္သူ႔ကို” ဟူေသာ ကံပုဒ္ (object) တစ္ခု ထပ္မံျဖည့္ေပးရန္လိုပါသည္။ me ႏွင့္ a book ကံပုဒ္ (object) ႏွစ္ခုအနက္ a book သည္ ျပဳလုပ္သူ (subject) ႏွင့္ တိုက္႐ိုက္ ထိေတြ႕ ရေသာေၾကာင့္ D.O ျဖစ္ၿပီး me သည္ တဆင့္ခံ ထိေတြ႕ရေသာေၾကာင့္ I.O ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ဆိုလိုသည္မွာ ျပဳလုပ္သူ (subject) He သည္ a book ကို ဦးစြာထိေတြ႕ရမည္ ျဖစ္ၿပီး ေပးသည့္အခ်ိန္မွသာ me ကို ထိေတြ႕ရျခင္းျဖစ္ပါသည္။
သတိျပဳရမည့္ အခ်က္တစ္ခုမွာ He gives a book to Mg Hla. ဟူေသာ ဝါက်တြင္ Mg Hla သည္ ကိုယ္ပိုင္နာမ္(proper noun) ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ I.O(Indirect Object) ကို V ႏွင့္ ကပ္ထား၍ မရသည္ကို မွတ္သား ရပါမည္။ [မွတ္ခ်က္။ ။ သက္မဲ့ (non-living things) မ်ားသည္ D.O (Direct Object) မ်ားျဖစ္ၿပီး သက္ရွိ (living things) မ်ားသည္ I.O(Indirect Object) မ်ားျဖစ္၏ၾကသည္။]

ပံုစံ (၅) S + V + O + C

The sun keeps us warm.
S V O C
ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ကို ေနက ေႏြးေထြးေစသည္။

He gets himself ready.
S V O C
သူက သူ႔ဘာသာသူ အသင့္ျပင္သည္။

He found his box empty.
S V O C
သူ႔ေသတၱာ ဘာမွ်မရွိတာ သူေတြ႕ၿပီ။

Government sets the prisoners free.
S V O C
အက်ဥ္းသားမ်ားကို အစိုးရက လႊတ္လိုက္ၿပီ။

She pushed the door open.
S V O C
တံခါးကို သူ တြန္းဖြင့္လိုက္သည္။

He painted the door green.
S V O C
တံခါးကို သူ အစိမ္းေရာင္ သုတ္သည္။

(အထူးသတိထားရမည့္ အခ်က္မွာ ဘာသာျပန္သည့္အခါ ေနာက္ဆံုးမွ စကာ ဘာသာျပန္ရမည္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။)

အထက္တြင္ ေဖာ္ျပခဲ့ေသာ အေျခခံဝါက် ၅ မ်ိဳးသည္ မည္သည့္ အဂၤလိပ္ စာအုပ္တြင္မဆို အၿမဲတမ္းေတြ႕ရမည္ ျဖစ္သည္။ ေဖာ္ျပပါ အေျခခံဝါက် ၅ မ်ိဳးလံုးတြင္ V တစ္ခုတည္း ပါဝင္သည္ကို ေတြ႕ရမည္ျဖစ္ၿပီး ထိုကဲ့သို႔ V တစ္ခုတည္းပါေသာ ဝါက်မ်ိဳးကို Simple Sentence ဟုေခၚပါသည္။ အဆိုပါ အေျခခံဝါက် ၅ မ်ိဳးအနက္ “ပံုစံ (၅)” ဝါက်အမ်ိဳးအစားသည္ အေရးအႀကီးဆံုးျဖစ္ၿပီး ေနာင္တြင္ ထပ္ေတြ႕ရမည့္ Compound/ Complex Sentences မ်ားႏွင့္ မေရာေထြးေစရန္ ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာ ေလ့လာ ေလ့က်င့္ထားရန္လိုအပ္ပါသည္။ ပံုစံ (၃) ႏွင့္ (၄) ဝါက်မ်ားကို ေလ့လာၾကည့္လွ်င္ “ကံပုဒ္ တစ္ခုသာလိုေသာ ႀကိယာ (mono transitive verb)” ႏွင့္ “ကံပုဒ္ ႏွစ္ခုလိုေသာ ႀကိယာ (di transitive verb)” ဟု V အမ်ိဳးအစားႏွစ္ခုေတြ႕ ႏိုင္ပါသည္။

အထက္တြင္ ေလ့လာခဲ့ေသာ အေျခခံဝါက် ၅ မ်ိဳးတည္းသာ နားလည္ တတ္ေျမာက္႐ံုျဖင့္ မိမိေျပာလိုေသာ စကားမ်ား၊ ေရးလိုေသာ ဝါက်မ်ား၊ ဖတ္လိုေသာ စာအုပ္မ်ားကို နားလည္ ျပည့္စံုအာင္ မေဖာ္ျပႏိုင္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ဝါက်မ်ားထဲတြင္ ေတြ႕ရွိရမည့္ စကားစု (Phrase) မ်ားကို ဆက္လက္ ေလ့လာရန္ လိုအပ္ပါသည္။

ဝါက်ဖြဲ႔ထံုး အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္ - အပိုင္း (၂)
-------------------------------------

2. Phrases (စကားစု/ ပုဒ္)

Phrase ဆိုသည္မွာ စကားစုသာ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ Phrase မ်ားကို ေလ့လာၾကည့္လွ်င္ ဝါက်ေပၚတြင္ တည္ရွိေနေသာ ေနရာအေပၚတြင္ မူတည္ကာ အေျခခံအားျဖင့္ (၃) မ်ိဳးေတြ႕ႏိုင္ပါသည္။ ၎တို႔မွာ _

1) Noun phrase
2) Adjective phrase
3) Adverb phrase

(ဆိုလိုသည္မွ Noun ေနရာတြင္ရွိေသာ phrase ကို Noun phrase ဟုေခၚႏိုင္ၿပီး ထို႔အတူ Adj, Adv ေနရာမ်ားတြင္ရွိေသာ phrase မ်ားကို Adj phrase, Adv phrase ဟုေခၚႏိုင္ပါသည္။)

Noun phrase [ S, O, C ]
Noun ေနရာတြင္ တည္ရွိေနေသာ phrase မ်ားကို Noun phrase ဟု သတ္မွတ္ႏိုင္ ေသာေၾကာင့္ ဝါက်တစ္ေၾကာင္း ေပၚတြင္ Noun တည္ရွိေနေသာ ေနရာမ်ားကို ဦးစြာသိရွိ ရမည္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ဝါက်တစ္ေၾကာင္းတြင္ “ကတၱား (Subject)”၊ “ကံပုဒ္ (Object)” ႏွင့္ “အျဖည့္ပုဒ္ (Complement)” ၃ ေနရာတြင္ Noun ကိုေတြ႕ရွိႏိုင္ၿပီး ၎ေနရာမ်ားတြင္ တည္ရွိေနေသာ phrase မ်ားကို Noun phrase မ်ားျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ျမန္မာဘာသာသို႔ အဓိပၸာယ္ ျပန္ဆိုရာတြင္ Subject ေနရာတြင္ရွိေသာ Noun phrase အတြက္ “သည္”၊ Object ေနရာတြင္ရွိေသာ Noun phrase အတြက္ “ကို”၊ Complement ေနရာတြင္ရွိေသာ Noun phrase အတြက္ “သည္” စသည္ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္ ရပါမည္။

A tall young beautiful girl is my sister.
S ( N phrase)
အရပ္ရွည္၍ ငယ္ရြယ္ၿပီး ေခ်ာေမာ လွပေသာ မိန္းကေလးသည္ ကၽြန္ေတာ့္ အစ္မ ျဖစ္သည္။

I saw a tall young beautiful girl.
O (N phrase)
အရပ္ရွည္၍ ငယ္ရြယ္ၿပီး ေခ်ာေမာ လွပေသာ မိန္းကေလးကို ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ေတြ႕ခဲ့ပါသည္။

Ma Ma is a tall young beautiful girl.
C (N phrase)
မမသည္ အရပ္ရွည္၍ ငယ္ရြယ္ၿပီး ေခ်ာေမာ လွပေသာ မိန္းကေလးတစ္ေယာက္ ျဖစ္သည္။

v what, where, when, why, whether, who စသည့္ “wh” စကားလံုးမ်ား ျဖင့္လည္း Noun phrase ကို ေရးသားႏိုင္သည္။ ဥပမာ _

I don’t know what to do.
ဘာလုပ္ရမွန္းကို ကၽြန္ေတာ္မသိဘူး။

How to do is my problem.
ဘယ္လုပ္လုရမယ္ဆိုတာသည္ ကၽြန္ေတာ့္ျပႆနာ ျဖစ္သည္။

She can’t decide where to go.
ဘယ္သြားရမလဲဆိုတာကို သူ မဆံုးျဖတ္တတ္ေတာ့ပါ။

Adjective phrase [after Noun, Complement]

Noun ၏အေနာက္ ႏွင့္ Complement ေနရာတြင္ Adjective phrase ကိုေတြႏိုင္သည္။ Noun ၏အေနာက္တြင္ ရွိေသာ Adjective phrase သည္ သူ႔ေရွ႕မွာရွိေသာ Noun ကို အထူးျပဳရန္ျဖစ္ၿပီး Complement ေနရာတြင္ရွိေသာ Adjective phrase ၏ေရွ႕တြင္ အထူးျပဳရန္အတြက္ Noun မရွိေသာ္လည္း အသံ ပိုမို သာယာေစရန္ႏွင့္ အဓိပၸာယ္ ပိုမို ေလးနက္ေစရန္အတြက္ Adjective အျဖစ္ရွိေနေသာ မူလ စကားလံုးကို Adjective phrase အျဖစ္ေျပာင္းေရးရျခင္း ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ဥပမာ _

A man in the car is my uncle.
ကားထဲတြင္ရွိေသာ လူႀကီးသည္ ကၽြန္ေတာ့္ ဦးေလး ျဖစ္သည္။

I took a book on the table.
စားပြဲေပၚတြင္ရွိေသာ စာအုပ္ကို ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ယူခဲ့သည္။

Ø ပထမ ဝါက်တြင္ Subject ေနရာတြင္ရွိေသာ Noun ျဖစ္သည့္ a man ကို ၎ေနာက္တြင္ရွိသည့္ in the car ဟူသည့္ phrase က အထူးျပဳသည့္အတြက္ Adjective phrase ျဖစ္သည္။ ဒုတိယဝါက်တြင္လည္း ထို႔အတူပင္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

My mother is healthy.
Adj
My mother is in good health.
Adj phrase

Ø healthy ႏွင့္ in good health တြင္ in good health က healthy ထက္ ပိုမို အသံသာယာ ေသာေၾကာင့္ Adjective phrase အျဖစ္ ေျပာင္းလဲေရးသားျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။

It is important.
Adj
It is of vital importance.
Adjective phrase

It is important ဆိုသည္မွာ သာမန္အေရးႀကီးျခင္းပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ ပို၍ အဓိပၸာယ္ ေလးနက္ေစလို ေသာေၾကာင့္ အသက္တမွ်ဟူသည့္ Adj ေနာက္တစ္ခု vital ကို ထည့္ေပးျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ သို႔ရာတြင္ vital ႏွင့္ important ႏွစ္ခုလံုး Adj ျဖစ္ေနသည့္ အတြက္ important ကို noun (importance) အျဖစ္ေျပာင္းၿပီး ေရွ႕တြင္ of ထည့္ေပးရသည္။ of vital importance သည္ အဓိပၸာယ္ ပိုမို ေလးနက္ေစလိုေသာ ေၾကာင့္ ေျပာင္းလဲ ေရးလိုက္ေသာ Adjective phrase ျဖစ္သည္။

Adverb phrase [ D, M, P, T, R or P ]

Noun phrase ႏွင့္ Adjective phrase တို႔ကို ေနရာ သတ္မွတ္၍ ရေသာ္လည္း Adverb သည္ Verb, Adjective, Adverb သံုးခုကို အထူးျပဳေသာေၾကာင့္ ေနရာ အတိအက် သတ္မွတ္ရန္ မလြယ္ကူပါ။ သို႔ရာတြင္ Adverb ကို အေျခခံအားျဖင့္ အမ်ိဳးစား ၅ မ်ိဳးေတြ႕ႏိုင္ပါသည္။ ၎တို႔မွာ _
Direction - လားရာ/ ဦးတည္ရာျပပုဒ္စု (D)
Manner - အမူအယာျပ ပုဒ္စု (M)
Place - ေနရာျပ ပုဒ္စု (P)
Time - အခ်ိန္ျပ ပုဒ္စု (T)
Reason (or) - အေၾကာင္းျပခ်က္ (သို႔မဟုတ္)
Purpose ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ျပ ပုဒ္စု (R or P)

ဥပမာ -
- He went up to the counter. (D)
- They play in happiness. (M)
- It is warm in the house. (P)

- He gets up at six o’ clock. (T)

- He lives to work. ( R or P)

He goes to school on foot in Insein in the morning to study his lessons.
D M P T R or P
သူ၏ သင္ခန္းစာမ်ားကို ေလ့လာရန္ နံနက္ခင္းတြင္ အင္းစိန္မွ ေျခက်င္ ေက်ာင္းသို႔သြားသည္။

§ အဓိပၸာယ္ကို ဘာသာျပန္သည့္အခါ D, M, P, T, R or P ကို အစဥ္လိုက္ ေနာက္ဆံုးမွ စတင္ကာ အနက္ေကာင္သည္ကို မွတ္သားရပါမည္။

[ Adverb phrase မ်ားကို ေဖာ္ျပလိုသည့္ ပံုစံအေပၚ မူတည္ကာ အေရွ႕၊ အေနာက္ ေျပာင္းလည္း ေရးသားႏိုင္ေသာ္လည္း မကၽြမ္းက်င္ေသးသည့္ အခ်ိန္တြင္ D, M, P, T, R or P အစီအစဥ္အတိုင္းသာ ေရးသားေစလိုပါသည္။ ကၽြမ္းက်င္ တတ္ေျမာက္သည့္ အခ်ိန္တြင္ မိမိ ေဖာ္ျပသလို ေနရာမ်ား ေျပာင္းလဲ ေရးသားႏိုင္ပါသည္။]

§ Adjective phrase ႏွင့္ Adverb phrase ေရာေႏွာေနပါလွ်င္လည္း ေနာက္ဆံုးကသာ စတင္ကာ

ဘာသာျပန္ရပါမည္။

ဥပမာ _ He goes to school in Sanchaung.
Adv (D) Adj phrase

ေဖာ္ျပပါ ဝါက်တြင္ in Sanchaung သည္ ေရွ႕တြင္ရွိေသာ school (n) ကို အထူးျပဳ ေသာေၾကာ

င့္ Adjective phrase ျဖစ္ၿပီး စမ္းေခ်ာင္းတြင္ရွိေသာ ေက်ာင္းသို႔ ဟု (ေသာ

)ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္ ရပါမည္။

ဝါက်ဖြဲ႔ထံုး အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္ - အပိုင္း (၃)
-------------------------------------

3. Clauses (ဝါက်ခြဲ)

ဝါက်၏ အစိတ္အပိုင္းတစ္ခု ျဖစ္ၿပီး ကတၱား (Subject) ႏွင့္ ႀကိယာ (Verb) ပါဝင္ေသာလည္း အဓိပၸာယ္ မျပည့္စံုေသာ စကားစုကို Clauses ဟုေခၚပါသည္။ Clause တြင္လည္း တည္ရွိသည့္ေနရာ အေပၚမူတည္ကာ (၃) မ်ိဳးရွိပါသည္။ ၎တို႔မွာ -

1) Noun Clause
2) Adjective Clause
3) Adverb Clause

Noun Clause [S, O, C]
who, that, what, how, when, where စသည္ကဲ့သို႔ေသာ စကားဆက္မ်ား တစ္ခုခု ဝါက်ခြဲ(Clause)၏ ေရွ႕ဆံုးတြင္ ရွိတတ္ၿပီး အနက္ေကာက္ရာတြင္ Phrase ကဲ့သို႔ပင္ Subject ေနရာအတြက္ “သည္ (ဆိုတာ)”၊ Object ေနရာအတြက္ “ကို၊ (ဆိုတာကို) ”၊ Complement ေနရာအတြက္ “သည္” ဟု အဓိပၸာယ္ ေကာက္ပါသည္။ ဥပမာ -
That the match will be cancelled is now certain.
Noun Clause (S)
ၿပိဳင္ပြဲ ဖ်က္မယ္ ဆိုတာ အခု ေသခ်ၿပီ။
I know that the match will be cancelled.
Noun Clause (O)
ျပိဳင္ပြဲဖ်က္မယ္ ဆိုတာကို ငါသိတယ္။

Whether he has singed the contract doesn’t matter.
Noun Clause (S)
စာခ်ဳပ္ကို သူလက္မွတ္ထိုးၿပီးၿပီလား/ မထိုးရေသးဘူးလား ဆို ျပႆနာ မဟုတ္ပါ။

I want to know whether he has singed the contract.
Noun Clause (O)
စာခ်ဳပ္ကို သူလက္မွတ္ထိုးၿပီးၿပီလား/ မထိုးရေသးဘူးလား ဆိုတာကို ငါသိခ်င္တယ္။

When he did it is a mystery.
N Clause (S)
ဘယ္အခ်ိန္မွာ အဲဒါကို သူလုပ္ခဲ့တာ ဆိုတာသည္ သိဖို႔ခက္ခဲတဲ့ ကိစၥျဖစ္တယ္။

I wonder when he did it.
N Clause (O)
အဲဒါကို သူဘယ္အခ်ိန္လုပ္ခဲ့တယ္ ဆိုတာကို ငါသိခ်င္တယ္။

When he comes depends on your decision.
N Clause (S)
သူဘယ္အခ်ိန္လာမယ္ ဆိုတာသည္ မင္းရဲ႕ဆံုးျဖတ္ခ်က္ အေပၚတြင္ မူတည္သည္။

I know who you are.
N Clause (O)
မင္းဘယ္သူလဲ ဆိုတာကို ငါသိတယ္။

Let me know how he comes back.
N Clause (O)
သူဘယ္လို ျပန္လာမလဲ ဆိုတာကို ငါသိပါရေစ။
Adjective Clause [ only after noun]
who, that, which, whose ကဲ့သို႔ေသာ relative conjunction မ်ားကို Clause ၏ ေရွ႕တြင္ ရွိၿပီး Noun ၏ အေနာက္တြင္ေနကာ Adjective နာမဝိေသသန အလုပ္ကို လုပ္သည္။ အဓိပၸာယ္ကို “ေသာ” ျဖင့္ ေကာက္ရပါသည္။ ဥပမာ-
The government which promises to cut the taxes will be popular.
အခြန္ေလ်ာ့ရန္ ကတိျပဳေသာ အစိုးရသည္ လူႀကိဳက္မ်ားလိမ့္မည္။

Mg Mg is the man who lives my next door.
ကၽြန္ေတာ့္ႏွင့္ ကပ္လွ်က္အခန္းတြင္ေနေသာ သူသည္ ေမာင္ေမာင္ ျဖစ္သည္။

He is the man whose car was stolen.
ကားအခိုးခံရေသာ လူသည္ သူျဖစ္သည္။

A doctor examined the astronauts who returned from the space today.
ယေန႔ အာကာသမွ ျပန္လာေသာ ေလသူရဲကို ဆရာဝန္က စစ္ေဆးသည္။

The millionaire whose son ran away form home a week ago has made a public appeal.
လြန္ခဲ့သည့္ တစ္ပတ္ေလာက္က သူ႔သား အိမ္မွ ထြက္ေျပးသြားေသာ သန္းၾကြယ္သူေဌးႀကီးက ျပည္သူမ်ားကို ေမတၱာရပ္ခံလိုက္သည္။

မွတ္ခ်က္
Clause ၏ ေရွ႕က အထူးျပဳျခင္းခံရေသာ Noun သည္ Clause ၏ Object ျဖစ္ေနလွ်င္ Clause တြင္ပါေသာ စကားဆက္(Conjuction)ကို ျဖဳတ္ကာ ေရးႏိုင္သည္။ ဥပမာ-

This is the photo that/ which I took.
ငါ ႐ုိက္ထားေသာ ဓါတ္ပံုသည္ ဤဟာ ျဖစ္သည္။

ဤဝါက်တြင္ အထူးျပဳျခင္းခံရေသာ Noun ျဖစ္သည့္ phot သည္ ေနာက္က အထူးျပဳေသာ Clause ၏ Object ျဖစ္ေနေသာေၾကာင့္ စကားဆက္ (Conjunction) “that/ which” ကို ျဖဳတ္ကာ ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္းေရးႏိုင္သည္။

This is the photo I took.

v Adjective Clause မ်ားတြင္ Conjuction ၏ ေရွ႕တြင္ တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ Preposition မ်ား တြဲပါ တတ္ပါသည္။ “ေသာ” ျဖင့္သာ အနက္ေကာက္ရပါမည္။ ဥပမာ -

The person to whom I complained is the manager.
ကၽြန္ေတာ္ မေက်နပ္ေၾကာင္းသြားေျပာေသာ ပုဂၢိဳလ္သည္ မန္ေနဂ်ာျဖစ္သည္။

This is the pan in which I boiled the milk.
ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ႏြားႏို႔က်ိဳေသာ အိုးသည္ ဤဟာျဖစ္သည္။

Ø Adjective Clause သည္ time, place ႏွင့္ reason မ်ားကိုလည္း အထူးျပဳႏိုင္ ပါသည္။

1979 was the year in which my son was born.
ကၽြန္ေတာ့္သားေမြးေသာ ႏွစ္သည္ ၁၉၇၉ ခုႏွစ္ ျဖစ္သည္။

This is the place in which I grew up. [in which= where]
ကၽြန္ေတာ္ အရြယ္ေရာက္ခဲ့ေသာ ေနရာသည္ ဤေနရာ ျဖစ္သည္။

Adverb Clause [M, P, T, R, P, C, C, Q]
Adverb Phrase တြင္ ပံုေသ ေနရာ အတိအက်မရွိသကဲ့သို႔ Adverb Clause တြင္လည္း ပံုေသာေနရာအတိအက် မရွိပါ။ သို႔ရာတြင္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ခ်က္ အေပၚတြင္ မူတည္ကာ Adverb Clause ကို အေျခခံအားျဖင့္ ၉ မ်ိဳးေတြ႕ႏိုင္ပါသည္။ ၎တို႔မွာ -

Adverb Clause of Manner [M]

- Type this again as I showed you a moment ago.
ခုနက ငါျပထားတဲ့အတိုင္း ဒါကို ျပန္႐ိုက္ပါ။

အမူအယာျပ စကားဆက္မ်ား

as - အတိုင္း/ သလို
how/ the way - အတိုင္း/ သလို
the way in which - အတိုင္း/ သလို
in the same way - ဤနည္းအတိုင္း
as if - ဘိသကဲ့သို႔
as though - ဘိသကဲ့သို႕

Adverb Clause of Place [P]
You can’t live where you like.
မင္းႀကိဳက္တဲ့ေနရာမွာ ေနလို႔မရပါ။

ေနရာျပ စကားဆက္မ်ား
wherever - ဘယ္ေနရာျဖစ္ျဖစ္
anywhere - မည္သည့္ေနရာမဆို
everywhere - ေနရာတကာ

Adverb Clause of Time [T]

Tell him as soon as he arrives.
သူေရာက္ရင္ ေရာက္ျခင္း သူ႔ကို ေျပာလိုက္ပါ။

အခ်ိန္ျပ စကားဆက္မ်ား
as soon as - လွ်င္ … လွ်င္ျခင္း
when - ေသာအခါ
after - ၿပီးေနာက္
as - စဥ္တြင္
as long as - လွ်င္
before - မတိုင္မီ
by the time - အဲဒီအခ်ိန္ေလာက္မွာ (when)
during - အေတာအတြင္း
once - ဆိုရင္ပဲ
since - ကတည္းက
no sooner than - လွ်င္ …… လွ်င္ျခင္း
until/ till - တိုင္ေအာင္
whenever - ဘယ္အခါပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္
while - စဥ္တြင္

Once you’re seen one penguin, you’ve seen them all.
ပင္ဂြင္းတစ္ေကာင္းကို ျမင္ဖူးတယ္ ဆိုရင္ပဲ ခင္ဗ်ား အကုန္ျမင္ဖူးတာပဲေပါ့။

You can keep these records as long as you like.
ခင္ဗ်ားသေဘာက်လွ်င္ ဒီဓါတ္ျပားကို သိမ္းထားႏိုင္ပါတယ္။

Adverb Clause of Reason [R]

As/ Because/ Since there was very little support, the strike was not successful.
ေထာက္ခံမႈ အနည္းငယ္သာရေသာေၾကာင့္ သပိတ္သည္ မေအာင္ျမင္ပါ။

Mg Hla doesn’t come today because he is not feeling well.
ေနမေကာင္းေသာေၾကာင့္ ေမာင္လွ ဒီေန႔ မလာပါ။

အေၾကာင္းျပခ်က္ စကားဆက္မ်ား
seeing that = ေသာေၾကာင့္
for = ေသာေၾကာင့္

Adverb Clause of Purpose [P]
ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ကို ျပေသာ စကားဆက္မ်ားျဖစ္ေသာ ‘ေစရန္’ ၊ ‘အလို႔ငွာ’ ၊ ‘စိုးလို႔’ ဟုအနက္ရေသာ စကားဆက္မ်ားျဖစ္သည့္ so that, in order that, in case, lest and fear that တို႔ျဖင့္ေရးသားေသာ Clauses မ်ားျဖစ္သည္။ ဥပမာ -

I’ve arrived early so that I will get a good view.
ျမင္ကြင္းေကာင္းေကာင္းရ ေစရန္ ငါ ေစာေစာေရာက္တယ္။

I arrived early so as not to miss anything.
ဘယ္အရာမွ လက္မလြတ္သြားေစရန္ အလို႔ငွာ ငါ ေစာေစာေရာက္သည္။

in case, lest, for fear that အဆိုပါစကားဆက္မ်ားသည္ ‘စိုးလို႔’ ဟု အနက္ရပါသည္။

I asked them to ring first lest we were out.
ငါတို႔အျပင္ေရာက္ေနမွာ စိုးလို႔ အရင္ဖံုးဆက္ဖို႔ သူတို႔ကို မွွာထားတယ္။
Adverb Clause of Conditional [C]
အေျခအေနျပ စကားဆက္မ်ားပါေသာ Clauses မ်ားျဖစ္သည္။ ဥပမာ -
If the rain stops, we’ll be able to go for a walk.
မိုးတိတ္လွ်င္ ငါတို႔လမ္းေလွ်ာက္ထြက္ႏိုင္တာေပါ့။
အေျခအေနေပး စကားဆက္မ်ား ႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္၍ ‘if’ အေၾကာင္းကို အနည္းငယ္ တင္ျပရန္လိုအပ္ပါသည္။ အက်ယ္ကို သိလိုပါလွ်င္ အလြန္မ်ားျပားေသာေၾကာင့္ သီးသန္႔ ေခါင္းစဥ္ျဖင့္ ေရးမွသာ ျပည့္စံုပါလိမ့္မည္။ ဤ Adverb Clause of Conditional က႑တြင္ စာဖတ္သူမ်ား ျမန္မာ ျပန္ဆိုရာတြင္ လြယ္ကူေစ႐ုံသာ တင္ျပသြားပါမည္။

‘if’ ကို အေျခခံအားျဖင့္ ပံုစံ (၃) မ်ိဳးေတြ႕ႏိုင္ပါသည္။ ၎တို႔မွာ -
1. If + S + present, S + will + v.
If I lose my job, I will go abroad.
အလုပ္မရွိရင္ ငါ ႏိုင္ငံျခားသြားမယ္။

2. If + S + past, S + would + v.
If I lost my job, I would go abroad.
ငါသာ အလုပ္မရွိခဲ့ရင္ ႏိုင္ငံျခားသြားမွာ။
(အခု အလုပ္ရွိတယ္ သြားဖို႔ မလိုပါ။)

3. If + S + had+ past participle, S + would have + past participle.
If I had lost my job, I would have gone abroad.
အလုပ္သာမရွိရင္ ငါ ႏိုင္ငံျခားသြားေကာင္း သြားရမယ္။
(အလုပ္လည္းရွိ၊ လစာလည္းေကာင္း၍ သြားရန္ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေျခ မရွိသေလာက္ အေျခအေနကို ျပသည္။)

‘if’ ကို ‘ရင္’ ၊ ‘လွ်င္’ ျဖင့္သာ အဓိပၸာယ္ ေကာက္ရပါသည္။

ေဖာ္ျပပါ ပံုစံ (၃) မ်ိဳးမွ ခြဲထြက္လာေသာ ပံုစံကြဲမ်ား မ်ားစြာရိွပါသည္။ ၎တို႔အနက္မွ စာဖတ္သူ အခက္အခဲ ျဖစ္ေစႏိုင္ေသာ ပံုစံကို အနည္းငယ္ တင္ျပပါမည္။

ပံုစံ (၁)
If + should
If he should call, tell him I’ll ring back.
သူဖံုးေခၚရင္ ငါ ျပန္ဆက္မယ္လို႔ ေျပာလိုက္။

အထက္ပါပံုစံ If + should ကို If ျဖဳတ္ကာ ေရးႏိုင္ပါသည္။
Should he call, tell him I’ll ring back. (အဓိပၸာယ္အတူတူပင္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။)

ပံုစံ(၂)
Imperative + Conjunction + Clause
အမိန္႔ေပး/ ခိုင္းေစ + စကားဆက္ + ဝါက်ခြဲ
(အနက္ေကာက္ေသာအခါ ‘လွ်င္’ ျဖင့္သာ ေကာက္ရမည္။) ဥပမာ -

Fail to pay and, they’ll cut off the electricity.
ေငြေပးဖို႔ ပ်က္ကြက္လွ်င္ သူတို႔ကို မီးျဖတ္လိမ့္မယ္။

Tell us what to do and, we’ll get on with it.
ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ ဘာလုပ္ရမလဲဆိုတာ ေျပာရင္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ ဆက္လုပ္မွာေပါ့။

Stop eating sweets, or you won’t get any dinner.
အခ်ိဳေတြစားတာ မရပ္ဘူးဆိုရင္ မင္း ညစာစားလို႔ရမွာ မဟုတ္ဘူး။

Take a taxi, or you will miss the train.
အငွားယဥ္ မေခၚဘူးဆိုရင္ မင္း ရထားလြတ္သြားလိမ့္မယ္။

ပံုစံ(၃)
If + were to + would
If the government were to cut tax, price would fall.
အစိုးရကသာ အခြန္ေလွ်ာ့ရင္ ေစ်းက်မွာ။ ( အစိုးရက အခြန္မေလွ်ာ့)
၎ဝါက်ကို ‘if’ ျဖဳတ္ကာ were ေရွ႕ထုတ္ၿပီးေရးႏိုင္ပါသည္။ (အဓိပၸာယ္တူပါသည္။)
Were the government to cut tax, price would fall.

ပံုစံ(၄)
Had + S + Past Participle
မူရင္းပံုစံ (၃) – If + S + had + Past Participle ကို ‘if’ ျဖဳတ္ၿပီး ေရးထားျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ ( အဓိပၸာယ္ အတူတူပင္ ျဖစ္သည္။) ဥပမာ -
Had the management acted sooner, the strike wouldn’t have happened.
အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးဌာနက အလွ်င္အျမန္ေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ့လွ်င္ သပိတ္တိုက္ပြဲ ျဖစ္စရာ အေၾကာင္းမရွိပါ။ ( အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးဌာနက ဘာမွ မေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ့)

‘If’ ႏွင့္ အနက္တူေသာ စကားဆက္မ်ား
as long as - လွ်င္
assuming that - လွ်င္
even if - ဆိုရင္ေတာင္မွ
if only - သို႔မွသာ
on the condition that - လွ်င္
provided/ providing that - လွ်င္
so long as - လွ်င္
if not/ unless - မဟုတ္ဘူးဆိုရင္
suppose that - လွ်င္
supposing that - လွ်င္
what if - ဆိုရင္ေကာ
say - ဆိုရင္ေကာ
if so - ဒီလိုဆိုရင္
in that case - ဒီလိုဆိုရင္
then - ဒီလိုဆိုရင္

အထက္ပါ စကားဆက္ပံုစံမ်ားအတြက္ နမူနာ ဝါက် အနည္းငယ္ တင္ျပပါမည္။
What if/ Say he gets home before us and can’t get in?
သူ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ အရင္အိမ္ေရာက္ေနရင္ေကာ သူအိမ္ထဲဝင္ႏိုင္ပါ့မလား။

He may be busy, if so, (in that case) I’ll call later.
သူအလုပ္မ်ားႏုိင္တယ္။ ဒီလိုဆိုရင္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္ေနာက္မွ ျပန္ဆက္လိုက္မယ္။

‘if’ အစားသံုးေသာ အျခားပရိယာယ္မ်ား
With luck, we’ll be there by tomorrow.
ကံေကာင္ရင္ေတာ့ မနက္ျဖန္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ ေရာက္လိမ့္မယ္။

Give time, they’ll probably agree.
သူတို႔ကို အခ်ိန္ေပးမယ္ဆိုရင္ သူတို႔ သေဘာတူမွာပါ။

To hear him talk, you’d think he was a Prime Minister.
သူ႔စကားသံကို ခင္ဗ်ားၾကားလို႔ရရင္ သူ႔ကို ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္လို႔ေတာာင္ ထင္မွာ။

Without you help, I couldn’t have done it.
ခင္ဗ်ားအကူအညီသာမရရင္ အဲဒါ ကၽြန္ေတာ္လုပ္လို႔ ရမွာ မဟုတ္ဘူး။

In different circumstance, I would have said yes.
အေျခအေနသာ အေျပာင္းအလဲရွိမယ္ဆိုရင္ ဟုတ္ကဲ့ လို႔ ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ေျပာမိမွာ။
Adverb Clause of Comparison [C]
ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္ျပ စကားဆက္မ်ားျဖစ္ေသာ ‘သေလာက္’ ၊ ‘ထက္’ ဟု အဓိပၸာယ္ ရေသာ စကားဆက္မ်ားျဖစ္သည့္ ‘as … as’, ‘more … than’, less …than’ တို႔ျဖင့္ ေရးသားထားေသာ Clauses မ်ားျဖစ္သည္။ ဥပမာ -

She is as beautiful as an actress.
မင္းသမီးတစ္ေယာက္ လွသေလာက္ သူ လွပါတယ္။

He is not so tall as his brother.
သူ႔ညီ အရပ္ရွည္သေလာက္ သူ အရပ္မရွည္ပါ။

Airplane is faster than car.
ကားထက္ ေလယဥ္ပ်ံက ပိုျမန္တယ္။

The more you practise the better you get.
မင္းေလ့က်င့္ေလေလ ပိုကၽြမ္းက်င္ေလေလ ပဲ။

Adverb Clause of Contract [C]
ဆန္႔က်င္ဖက္ အဓိပၸာယ္ ျဖစ္ေစေသာ ‘သို႔ေပမယ့္’ ၊ ‘ေသာ္ျငားလည္း’ စေသာ စကားဆက္မ်ားျဖစ္သည့္ although, considering that, though, even though, even if, much as …, while, where as, how ever much/ badly/ good, no matter how စသည္တုိ႔ျဖင့္ ေရးသားထားေသ Clause မ်ားျဖစ္သည္။ ဥပမာ -

Although he works hard, he doesn’t get success.
သူ ႀကိဳးစားေပမယ့္ ေအာင္ျမင္မႈ မရဘူး။

I intend to go to Bagan, even if bus fares goes up again.
ကားခ တက္သြားေပမယ့္ ပုဂံကို သြားဖို႔စိတ္ကူးတယ္။

Much as I’d like to help, there isn’t a lot I can do.
ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ကူညီခ်င္ေပမယ့္ အမ်ားႀကီးေတာ့ မတတ္ႏိုင္ဘူး။

Adverb Clause of Qualification [Q]
အက်ိဳးျပ စကားဆက္မ်ားျဖစ္ေသာ ‘ေလာက္ေအာင္ကို’ ဟု အနက္ရသည့္ ‘so … that’, ‘such … that’ စသည့္ တို႔ျဖင့္ေရးေသာ Clauses မ်ားျဖစ္သည္။ ဥပမာ -

His reactions are so quick that no one can match him.
သူ႔ကို မည္သူမွ် မယွဥ္ႏိုင္ေလာက္ေအာင္ကို သူ႔တုန္႔ျပန္မႈမ်ားက ျမန္ဆန္တယ္။

They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them.
ဘယ္သူကမွ သူတို႔ကို မႏိုင္ေလာက္ေအာင္ကို ေတာ္ေသာ အားကစားသမားမ်ား ျဖစ္သည္။

v Adverb Clauses မ်ားသည္ အမ်ိဳးအစား အမ်ားဆံုးႏွင့္ အသံုးအမ်ားဆံုး ေတြ႔ရမည္ ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ထပ္ခါ ထပ္ခါ ဖတ္ကာ ေလ့က်င့္ေစလိုပါသည္။

ဝါက်ဖြဲ႔ထံုး အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္ - အပိုင္း (၄)
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4. Verb + ing
ဝါက်တစ္ေၾကာင္းတြင္ တည္ရွိေနပံုကို လိုက္၍ ‘ျခင္း’ ၊ ‘ေသာ’ ၊ ‘ေသာေၾကာင့္’ ၊ ‘လွ်က္’ စသည္ျဖင့္ အဓိပၸာယ္ေကာက္ႏုိင္သည္။

ပံုစံ (၁) ‘ျခင္း’ ျဖင့္အနက္ေကာက္ပံု
ဝါက်တစ္ေၾကာင္းတြင္ Verb+ing သည္ Noun ၏ ေနရာမ်ားျဖစ္ေသာ Subject, Object, Complement ေနရာမ်ားတြင္ ရွိေနပါက ‘ျခင္း’ ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္ ပါသည္။
Reading is a good habit.
စာဖတ္ျခင္းသည္ ေကာင္းေသာ အေလ့အထ ျဖစ္သည္။

I like reading.
စာဖတ္ျခင္းကို ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ႀကိဳက္တယ္။

My hobby is reading.
ကၽြန္ေတာ့္ ဝါသနာသည္ စာဖတ္ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။

ပံုစံ (၂) ‘ေသာ’ ျဖင့္အနက္ေကာက္ပံု
V+ing သည္ ဝါက် တစ္ေၾကာင္းတြင္ရွိေသာ Noun မ်ား၏ အေနာက္တြင္ ရွိေနၿပီး ထို Noun မ်ားကို အထူးျပဳေသာ အေျခအေနတြင္ ‘ေသာ’ ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္ ရသည္။
I saw a boy reading.
စာဖတ္ေနေသာ ေကာင္ေလးကို ကၽြန္ေတာ္ေတြ႕ခဲ့သည္။

ပံုစံ (၃) ‘ေသာေၾကာင့္’ ျဖင့္အနက္ေကာက္ပံု
ဝါက်တြင္ V+ing သည္ Adverb ပံုစံ အထူးသျဖင့္ အေၾကာင္းျပခ်က္(Reason) ကို ေဖာ္ျပေသာအခါ ‘ေသာေၾကာင့္’ ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္ပါသည္။

Being so ill, he can’t go back to work yet.
အျပင္းဖ်ားေသာေၾကာင့္ သူ အလုပ္ျပန္မဆင္းႏိုင္ေသးပါ။

Having invited him here to speak we’d better go to his lecture.
ေဟာေျပာရန္ ဖိတ္ထားေသာေၾကာင့္ သူ႔ေဟာေျပာပြဲကို တို႔သြားဖို႔ေကာင္းတယ္။

ပံုစံ (၄) ‘လွ်က္’ ျဖင့္အနက္ေကာက္ပံု
ဝါက်တြင္ Verb+ing သည္ main verb ကဲ့သို႔ပင္ Subject ၏ အလုပ္ကို ေဖာ္ျပေနလွ်င္ Verb+ing ကို ‘လွ်က္’ ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္ရပါသည္။

I read the newspaper drinking coffee.
ေကာ္ဖီေသာက္လွ်က္ သတင္းစာဖတ္တယ္။

I walk a long the street singing.
သီခ်င္းဆိုလွ်က္ လမ္းေလွ်ာက္တယ္။

ေဖာ္ျပပါ ပံုစံ (၄)မ်ိဳးအျပင္

Verb+ing ကို on ႏွင့္ ေပါင္းစပ္လွ်င္ ‘ေသာအခါ’ ဟု အနက္ေကာက္ရပါသည္။ ဥပမာ -
On arriving at Yangon Air port, he was very happy.
ရန္ကုန္ေလဆိပ္သို႔ေရာက္ေသာအခါ သူ အလြန္ေပ်ာ္သြားသည္။

Verb+ing ကို in ႏွင့္ ေပါင္းစပ္လွ်င္ ‘စဥ္တြင္’ ဟု အနက္ေကာက္ရပါသည္။ ဥပမာ -
In arriving at Yangon Air port, he was arrested.
ရန္ကုန္ေလဆိပ္သို႔ ေရာက္စဥ္တြင္ သူအဖမ္းခံလိုက္ရသည္။

* ‘On+Ving’ ႏွင့္ ‘In+Ving’ ပံုစံမ်ားကိုလည္း မၾကာခဏေတြ႔ရမည္ ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ သတိထားေစလိုပါသည္။

ဝါက်ဖြဲ႔ထံုး အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္ - အပိုင္း (၅)
-------------------------------------
5. Verb + ed/ en (V3)
Verb + ed/ en (Past Participle) သည္ V + ing ကဲ့သို႔ပင္ ဝါက်မ်ားတြင္ မၾကာခဏေတြ႕ရတတ္ ပါသည္။ Verb + ed/ en ကို ဝါက်တြင္ Adjective ႏွင့္ Adverb (Manner) ၂ ေနရာတြင္ ေတြ႕ရတတ္ၿပီး Adjective ေနရာတြင္ ရွိေသာ Verb+ed/en ကို ‘ေသာ’ ၊ Adverb(Manner) ေနရာတြင္ ရွိေသာ Verb+ed/en ကို ‘လွ်က္’ ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္ရပါသည္။
ဥပမာ -
ပံုစံ(၁) ‘ေသာ’ ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္ပံု
Verb+ed/en ၏ ေရွ႕တြင္ noun ရွိေနပါက Verb + ed/ en သည္ ၎ noun ကို အထူးျပဳသည့္အတြက္ Adjective ပံုစံျဖစ္ကာ ‘ေသာ’ ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္ရပါသည္။

I saw a boy beaten by his mother.
သူ႔အေမ႐ိုက္ျခင္းကို ခံရေသာ ေကာင္ေလးကို ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ေတြ႕ခဲ့ပါသည္။

The system used in this school is very successful.
ဤေက်ာင္းတြင္ သံုးေသာ စနစ္သည္ အလြန္ ေအာင္ျမင္သည္။

ပံုစံ (၂) ‘လွ်က္’ ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္ပံု

ဝါက်တြင္ ကတၱား (Subject) တစ္ခုတည္းပါသည္။ ထုိ ကတၱား (Subject) သည္ Clause ၏ ကံပုဒ္ (Object) ျဖစ္ေနလွ်င္ ‘လွ်က္’ ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္သည္။

Used as a text book, this novel becomes popular.
ျပ႒ာန္းစာအုပ္အျဖစ္ အသံုးျပဳလွ်က္ ဤဝတၳဳစာအုပ္သည္ လူႀကိဳက္မ်ားလာသည္။

She smiles pleased.
သူ(မ) သေဘာက်လွ်က္ ၿပံဳးသည္။

ဝါက်ဖြဲ႔ထံုး အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္ - အပိုင္း (၆)
-------------------------------------

6. To + V

ဝါက်တြင္ To+V ကို Noun ႏွင့္ Adverb(Purpose) ေနရာ ၂ ခုတြင္ ေတြ႕ရတတ္ ပါသည္။ Noun ေနရာအတြက္ V+ing ကဲ့သို႔ပင္ ‘ျခင္း’ ဟု အနက္ေကာက္ၿပီး၊ Adverb(Purpose) ေနရာ အတြက္ ‘ဖို႔ရန္’ ဟု အနက္ေကာက္ပါသည္။ ဥပမာ -

I like to read.
စာဖတ္ျခင္းကို ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ႏွစ္သစ္ သည္။

I go to market to buy something.
တစ္ခုခု ဝယ္ဖို႔ရန္ အတြက္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ေစ်းသို႔ သြားသည္။

v မွွတ္ခ်က္ ။ ။ V+ing ႏွင့္ To+V သည္ အၿမဲတမ္း အစားထိုးသံုး၍ မရသည္ကို သတိထားရမည္။ မည္သည့္ေနရာတြင္ V+ing သံုးရမည္၊ To+V သံုးရမည္ ကို သီးသန္႔ တင္ျပမွသာ လံုေလာက္မည္ ျဖစ္သျဖင့္ ဤေနရာတြင္ ခ်န္လွပ္ထားခဲ့ ပါသည္။

ဝါက်ဖြဲ႔ထံုး အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္ - အပိုင္း (၇)
-------------------------------------

7. It
အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ ‘It’ ကို နာမ္စား(pronoun) အျဖစ္ အသိမ်ားၾကၿပီး ‘ထိုဟာ’ ၊ ‘၎’ ဟု အဓိပၸာယ္ ေကာက္ၾကပါသည္။ ‘It’ ကို နာမ္စား(pronoun) အျဖစ္ အသံုးျပဳလွ်င္ “အရာဝတၳဳ (material)၊ တိရိစာၦန္ (animals)၊ ကေလး (baby)” စသည့္ နာမ္ (noun) မ်ားတြင္ အစားသံုးႏိုင္သည္။ ဥပမာ -

I bought a book yesterday. It is very good. (အရာဝတၳဳ)
I keep a cat in my house. It has beautiful tail. (တိရိစာၦန္)
He loves the baby. So he kisses it. (ကေလး)
ယခု တင္ျပမည့္ ‘It’ သည္ နာမ္ (noun) ေနရာတြင္ အစားသံုးေသာ နာမ္စား (pronoun) မဟုတ္ဘဲ ကတၱား (Subject) ေနရာတြင္ အစားသံုးေသာ Subject Substitution (သို႔မဟုတ္) Filler အျဖစ္သံုးေသာ ပံုစံျဖစ္ပါသည္။ အဆိုပါ ပံုစံသည္ ကတၱား (Subject) ေနရာတြင္ အစားထိုးကာ သံုးထားေသာ္လည္း ဘာသာျပန္ဆိုရာတြင္ ထည့္သြင္း အနက္ေကာက္ရန္ မလိုအပ္ပါ။ သို႔ရာတြင္ ‘It’ မပါဘဲ လည္း ေရး၍ မရပါ။ ‘It’ ကို Subject Substitution (သို႔မဟုတ္) Filler အျဖစ္သံုးေသာ ပံုစံ ၄ မ်ိဳးေတြ႕ရပါသည္။ ၎တို႔မွာ -

Time (T)
Weather (W)
Distance (D)
Situation (S)

Time (T)
အခ်ိန္ကို ေဖာ္ျပလိုလွ်င္ ကတၱား (Subject) ေနရာတြင္ ‘It’ ကို ထည့္ကာ ေရးရ ပါသည္။
It is eight o’ clock. (၈ နာရီ ထိုးၿပီ)
What time is it? (ဘယ္ႏွစ္နာရီ ထိုးၿပီလဲ?)

It takes me one hour to go down town. (ၿမိဳ႕ထဲ သြားရင္ ၁ နာရီေလာက္ ၾကာမယ္)
How long does it take you to go down town? (မင္း ၿမိဳ႕ထဲသြားရင္ ဘယ္ေလာက္ ၾကာမလဲ?)
အခ်ိန္ႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္၍ ေရးသားလွ်င္ နာရီခ်ိန္ (Clock Time) ႏွင့္ ၾကာခ်ိန္ (Duration Time) ပံုစံ ၂ မ်ိဳးကို ေတြ႕ရပါသည္။ ၾကာခ်ိ္န္ ကို ေဖာ္ျပလိုလွ်င္ ေအာက္ပါ ပံုစံကို မွတ္သားထား ရပါမည္။
It will take/ takes/ took (object) to + V
Weather (W)
ရာသီဥတု အေျခအေနကို ေဖာ္ျပလွ်င္လည္း ‘It’ ကို ကတၱားေနရာတြင္ အစား ထိုးကာ ေရးသားရပါမည္။
It is hot.
It is cold.
It is warm.
It rains.
It snows.

Distance (D)
ခရီးအကြာအေဝးကို ေဖာ္ျပလိုပါက လည္း ကတၱား ေနရာတြင္ ‘It’ ျဖင့္ ေရး ရပါမည္။
It is four hundreds miles from Yangon to Mandalay. (ရန္ကုန္ ႏွင့္ မႏၱေလး မိုင္ ၄ဝဝ ေဝးပါသည္။)
How far is it from Yangon to Mandalay? (ရန္ကုန္ နဲ႔ မႏၱေလး ဘယ္ေလာက္ေဝးလဲ)

It is (distance) from (_______) to (_______).
How far is it from (_______) to (_______)?

Situation (S)
အေျခအေန အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးကို ေဖာ္ျပရာတြင္လည္း ‘It’ ကို ကတၱား အျဖစ္ သံုးရ ပါသည္။
It is sweet to eat sugar. (သၾကားစားရင္ ခ်ိဳတယ္)
It is difficult to find a job without qualifications. (အရည္အခ်င္းမရွိဘဲ အလုပ္ရွာရတာ ခက္တယ္)
It is difficult to run a business without capital. (အရင္အႏွီး မရွိဘဲ စီးပြားေရး လုပ္ဖို႔ ခက္တယ္)
It is easy to come to my house by bus. (ကၽြန္ေတာ့္ အိမ္ကို ကားနဲ႔လာဖို႔ လြယ္တယ္)
It is difficult to com to my house by train. (ကၽြန္ေတာ့္ အိမ္ကို ရထားနဲ႔လာဖို႔ ခက္တယ္)

အထက္ေဖာ္ျပပါ Situation Sentences ဥပမာ ပံုစံမ်ားတြင္ ‘It’ ကို Subject အျဖစ္ အစားထိုးကာ သံုးထားျခင္း ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ ကိစၥရပ္တစ္ခုသည္ ျပဳလုပ္သူ Subject အေပၚတြင္ မူတည္က အေျခအေန မတူညီႏိုင္ေသာေၾကာင့္ Subject က မပါမျဖစ္ ပါလာၿပီး ‘it’ က Object ေနရာတြင္ သံုးသည္ကို ေတြ႔ရပါသည္။ ထိုကဲ့သို႔ ျပဳလုပ္သူ Subject ပါဝင္ၿပီး ‘it’ ကို Object အျဖစ္သံုးေသာ အခါ ေအာက္ပါ ပံုစံျဖင့္ ေရးသား သည္ကို ေတြ႔ရပါသည္။

S + find/ make + it + easy/ hard (Adjective) + to + V

ျပဳလုပ္သူ Subject သည္ သက္ရွိျဖစ္လွ်င္ ‘find’ ကို သံုးရၿပီး၊ သက္မဲ့ျဖစ္လွ်င္ ‘make’ ကိုသံုးရပါသည္။ easy ႏွင့္ hard ေနရာတြင္ မိမိ ေျပာလိုေသာ အေျခအေန အေပၚတြင္ မူတည္ကာ အသံုးျပဳလိုေသာ Adjective တစ္ခုခု ကို အစားထိုးေရးသားႏိုင္ပါသည္။ ဥပမာ -
I find it easy to teach my younger sister. (ညီမေလးကို စာသင္ရတာ လြယ္တယ္)
I find it hard to teach my younger brother. (ညီေလးကို စာသင္ရတာ ခက္တယ္)
v ျပဳလုပ္သူ Subject က သက္ရွိျဖစ္သည့္ အတြက္ ‘find’ ကို သံုးပါသည္။

Tico makes it easy to park. (တီကိုကား က ရပ္ရတာလြယ္တယ္)
Lorry makes it hard to park. (ေလာ္ရီကား က ရပ္ရတာမလြယ္ဘူး)
v ျပဳလုပ္သူ Subject က သက္မဲ့ျဖစ္သည့္အတြက္ ‘make’ ကို သံုးပါသည္။

Airplane is comfortable to travel. (ေလယာဥ္ပ်ံက ခရီးသြားရတာ သက္ေတာင့္ သက္သာ ျဖစ္တယ္.
Facebook is good to share our knowledge. (ေဖ့စ္ဘြခ္ က ဗဟုသုတေတြ မွ်ေဝ လို႔ေကင္းတယ္)
Google is fast to search the facts. ( ဂူးဂဲလ္ က အခ်က္အလက္ေတြ ရွာရတာ ျမန္တယ္)

v easy ႏွင့္ hard ေနရာတြင္ အသံုးျပဳလိုေသာ Adjective တစ္ခုခုကို သံုးႏိုင္ပါသည္။
‘It’ ကို Time, Weather, Distance, Situation ပံုစံအျပင္ ‘Identification’ ဟုေခၚေသာ တစ္စံုတစ္ေယာက္ကို ဘယ္သူ ဘယ္ဝါ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းေဖာ္ျပလိုသည့္ အခါတြင္လည္း သံုးႏိုင္ပါသည္။ ဥပမာ -

Who is it? (ဘယ္သူလဲ?)
It is a postman. (စာပို႔သမား ပါ)
It’s me. (ငါ ပါ)

v It is a postman. ႏွင့္ He is a postman. ဟူေသာ ဝါက် ၂ ေၾကာင္းသည္ အဓိပၸာယ္သက္ေရာက္ပံုမႈ မတူညီပါ။
It is a postman. သည္ ဘယ္သူဘယ္ဝါ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းကို ေဖာ္ျပၿပီး He is a postman. သည္ သူ၏ ရာထူး အလုပ္အကိုင္ကို ေဖာ္ျပျခင္း ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ မိမိေျပာလို ေရးလိုေသာ ကိစၥတစ္ခု ကို အထူးျပဳလိုေသာ အခါ ‘It’ ကို Conjunction မ်ားျဖစ္ေသာ that, who, where, when မ်ားႏွင့္ တြဲကာ ေရးသားသည္ ကိုလည္း ေတြ႕ရတတ္သည္။

ဥပမာ -
I bought a car last month. (ၿပီးခဲ့တဲ့လက ငါ ကားတစ္စီးဝယ္ခဲ့တယ္)
It is this car that I bought last month. (အဲဒီကားေပါ့ ငါ ၿပီးခဲ့တဲ့လက ဝယ္ခဲ့တာ)

I want to meet this girl. (အဲဒီေကာင္မေလးကို ငါ ေတြ႕ခ်င္တယ္)
It is this girl who I want to meet. (အဲဒီေကာင္မေလးေပါ့ ငါေတြ႕ခ်င္ေနတာ)

We meet at bus stop. (ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ ႏွစ္ေယာက္ ကားမွတ္တိုင္မွာ ဆံုၾကတယ္)
It is bus stop where we meet. (ကားမွတ္တိုင္မွာေပါ့ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ ဆံုၾကတာ)

I bought a shirt last month. (ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ၿပီးခဲ့တဲ့လက အက်ႌတစ္ထည္ ဝယ္ခဲ့တယ္)
It was last month when I bought this shirt. (ၿပီးခဲ့တဲ့လကမွ အက်ႌတစ္ထည္ ဝယ္ခဲ့တယ္)

It is this shirt that I bought last month. (ဒီအက်ႌေပါ့ ၿပီးခဲ့တဲ့လက ဝယ္ခဲ့တာ)

v မူလ ဝါက်ပံုစံကို မိမိ အဓိကေျပာလိုေသာ အေၾကာင္းအရာကို ‘It’ ျဖင့္ ေရွ႕ထုတ္ကာ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ Conjunction မ်ားျဖင့္တြဲၿပီး ေရးသားႏိုင္ပါသည္။

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အေထြေထြတင္ျပခ်က္မ်ား
လက္ေတြ႔ စာဖတ္ေသာအခါ ေရွ႕တြင္ တင္ျပခဲ့ေသာ ပံုစံမ်ားျဖင့္ ဖတ္႐ႈရန္ အဆင္မေျပႏိုင္ေသာ ဝါက်အခ်ိဳ႕၊ အေၾကာင္းအရာအခ်ိဳ႕ ကို ဆက္လက္ တင္ျပပါမည္။

It all began.
အဲဒါ စခဲ့တာ ၾကာၿပီ (ဝါက်၏ အစပိုင္းတြင္ ေတြ႕ရမည္)

Just as … (သလိုပဲ၊ အတိုင္းပဲ)
Just as she though, Mary made mistakes.
သူထင္တဲ့ အတိုင္း ေမရီ အမွွားလုပ္ေတာ့တာပဲ။

be going to + V (ေတာ့မလို႔)
I’m going to go out.
အျပင္ သြားေတာ့မလို႔။

would rather/ would sooner (ပဲ/ ေရြးခ်ယ္ျခင္းအနက္)
I would rather take tea.
ကၽြန္ေတာ္ လက္ဖက္ရည္ပဲ ေသာက္ေတာ့မယ္။

Come …… (ကိုင္း/ ဝါက်အစတြင္ ရွိသည္)
Come, let’s start.
ကိုင္း စၾကစို႔။

Look …… (ေရာ္ ခက္ၿပီ)
Look I said I didn’t know. I don’t like people asking questions.
ေရာ္ခက္ၿပီ၊ ငါမသိပါဘူးဆိုမွ ေမးခြန္းေတြေမးတဲ့လူ ငါ မႀကိဳက္ဘူးကြာ။
(ဤဝါက်တြင္ ၾကည့္၊ မသိပါဘူးဆိုမွဟု အနက္ေကာက္ႏိုင္ပါသည္။ သို႔ရာတြင္ ေန႔စဥ္သံုး ၾကည့္သည္၊ ျမင္သည္ တို႔ႏွင့္ လြဲမွား ႏိုင္သျဖင့္ “ေရာ္ ခက္ၿပီ” ဟု အနက္ေကာက္ျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။)

I wish/ If only (ေစခ်င္လိုက္တာ)
I wish Mary was here now.
ေမရီကို ဒီမွာ ရွိေစခ်င္လိုက္တာ။
If only the sun was shining at the moment. ( အခုေန ေနသာေစခ်င္လိုက္တာ)
Discourse markers (စကားျဖည့္မ်ား)
စကားေျပာရာတြင္လည္းေကာင္း၊ စာေရးရာတြင္လည္းေကာင္း စကားတစ္ခြန္း ႏွင့္ တစ္ခြန္း၊ စာေၾကာင္း တစ္ေၾကာင္းႏွင့္ တစ္ေၾကာင္း ၾကားတြင္ ပိုမို ေခ်ာေမြ႕ေစရန္ ျဖည့္ေပးေသာ စကားမ်ား ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ဥပမာ -
- It is better then.
ဒီလိုဆိုရင္လည္း ေကာင္းတာပဲ။

စကားျဖည့္ Discourse markers မ်ား အဂၤလိပ္စာတြင္ မ်ားစြာရွိပါသည္။ ၎တို႔အနက္မွ အသံုးဝင္မည့္၊ အသံုးမ်ားသည့္ စကားျဖည့္အခ်ိဳ႕ကို တင္ျပပါမည္။

talking about - ဒါနဲ႔ပတ္သက္လို႔ ေျပာရရင္
regarding - ဒါနဲ႔ပတ္သက္လို႔ ေျပာရရင္
as regards - ဒါနဲ႔ပတ္သက္လို႔ ေျပာရရင္
as far as … as concerned, as for - ဒါနဲ႔ပတ္သက္လို႔ ေျပာရရင္
firstly, first of all, to begin with - ပထမ အေနနဲ႔
secondly - ဒုတိယ အေနနဲ႔
finally, last of all - ေနာက္ဆံုး အေနနဲ႔
for one thing - တစ္ခ်က္
for another thing - အျခားတစ္ခ်က္က
similarly - အလားတူ
all the same - ဒါေပမဲ့
yet/ but - ဒါေပမဲ့
still - အျခားတစ္ဖက္က
on the other hand - အျခားတစ္ဖက္က
in particular - အထူးသျဖင့္
a part from - ဒါ့အျပင္
with the exception of - ခၽြင္းခ်က္ အေနနဲ႔
So on and so forth - စသည္ စသည္ျဖင့္
on the whole - ၿခံဳငံု ေျပာရရင္
in general - ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္
as a rule - ထံုစံအတိုင္း ကေတာ့
in most case, mostly - မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္
broadly speaking - က်ယ္က်ယ္ျပန္႔ျပန္႔ ေျပာရရင္
frankly/ openly to say - ပြင့္ပြင့္လင္းလင္း ေျပာရရင္
I mean - ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ဆိုလိုတာက
that is to say - အဲဒါက ဒီလိုဗ်ာ
in other words - တနည္းေျပာရရင္
any way, any how - ဘယ္လိုပဲ ျဖစ္ျဖစ္ေပါ့
by the way - စကားမစပ္
I say! - ေအးဗ်ာ (စကားစေျပာရာတြင္သံုးသည္)
incidentally - စကားမစပ္
I think/ I feel - ကၽြန္ေတာ့္ အထင္ေတာ့
I suppose - ကၽြန္ေတာ့္ အထင္ေတာ့
so to speak/ so to say - ဆိုၾကပါစို႔
I sort of/ kind of believe - ယံုတယ္လို႔ ဆိုပါေတာ့
No doubt - ဟုတ္တယ္မဟုတ္လားဗ်ာ
I’m afraid - ေျပာရမွာေတာ့ အားနာတယ္
true to - အညီ
hopefully - ေမွ်ာ္လင့္တဲ့အတိုင္းပဲ
actually, in fact,
as a matter of fact, - အမွန္ေျပာရရင္ေတာ့
to tell the truth

ေဖာ္ျပပါ စကားစုမ်ားကို ပိုမို သေဘာေပါက္ေစရန္ နမူနာ ဝါက်မ်ားျဖင့္ ရွင္းျပလွ်င္ ပိုမို ေကာင္းမြန္မည္ ျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း ယခုတင္ျပခ်က္သည္ အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္ တင္ျပခ်က္ ျဖစ္သည့္အတြက္ ခ်န္လွပ္ထားခဲ့ပါသည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ လက္ေတြ႕ စာဖတ္ရာ တြင္လည္း ေတြ႕လာႏိုင္သည့္အတြက္ ခ်န္လွပ္ထားခဲ့ျခင္းျဖစ္ပါသည္။

ဝါက်ဖြဲ႔ထံုး အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္ - အပိုင္း (၈)
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လက္ေတြ႕စာဖတ္ျခင္း

တင္ျပခဲ့ၿပီးျဖစ္ေသာ “ဝါက်ဖြဲ႕ထံုး အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္” စာဖတ္နည္းကို အသံုးျပဳကာ လက္ေတြ႕ စာဖတ္ရာတြင္ မည္သို႔ အသံုးျပဳမည္ကို ဆက္လက္တင္ျပ ပါမည္။ လြယ္ကူသည့္ ဝါက်မ်ားမွ တျဖည္းျဖည္း ခက္လာသည့္ ဝါက်မ်ား ျဖင့္ စီစဥ္ထားပါသည္။

- The city o f Verona in Italy was a city divided by hatred.
အမုန္းတရားျဖင့္ ႏွစ္ပိုင္းပုိင္းထားေသာ ၿမိဳ႕သည္ အီတလီတြင္ရွိေသာ ဗီ႐ိုနာၿမိဳ႕ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

ရွင္းလင္းခ်က္ ။ ။ အထက္ပါဝါက်တြင္ was ႀကိယာ တစ္ခုတည္းပါသည့္အတြက္ Simple Sentence ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ was ေနာက္တြင္ပါေသာ စကားစုသည္ အျဖည့္ပုဒ္(C) ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ past participle adj ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ‘ေသာ’ ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္ရပါသည္။ In Italy သည္ ၎ေရွ႕တြင္ ရွိေသာ ဗီ႐ိုနာကို အထူးျပဳေသာေၾကာင့္ Adj Phrase ျဖစ္ၿပီး ‘ေသာ’ ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္ရပါသည္။ ဤဝါက်ကို was ႀကိယာေရွ႕က ေသာ္လည္း ေကာင္း၊ ေနာက္က ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း စတင္ကာ အနက္ေကာက္ယူ ႏုိင္ပါသည္။

- There was a bitter quarrel between its two most powerful families, the Montagues and Capulets.

မြန္ေတဂူႏွင့္ ကာာျပဳလက္ ဟူသည့္ တန္ခိုးၾသဇာ ႀကီးမားေသာ မိသားစုႏွစ္ခုၾကားတြင္ ျပင္းထန္ေသာ ရန္ပြဲ ျဖစ္ခဲ့ပါသည္။

ရွင္းလင္းခ်က္ ။ ။ မြန္ေတဂူ ႏွင့္ ကာျပဳလက္ကို ဂုဏ္ရည္တူ ထပ္တူျပဳကာ ကပ္ထားပါသည္။ Noun and Apposition ပံုစံ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ was ႀကိယာ တစ္ခုတည္းပါသည့္အတြက္ Simple Sentence ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ between its two most powerful families သည္ Preposition ႏွင့္ Noun အစုေပါင္းထားေသာ Phrase ျဖစ္ၿပီး quarrel သည္ ဘယ္ေနရာမွာ ျဖစ္သည္ကို ေဖာ္ျပေသာေၾကာင့္ Adv Phrase ျဖစ္ၿပီး ‘တြင္’ ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္ပါသည္။ Phrase က စၿပီး အနက္ေကာက္ရပါသည္။

- Mrs Jones was in the kitchen.
မီးဖိုေဆာင္ထဲတြင္ မစၥဂ်ဳံး ရွိသည္။

ရွင္းလင္းခ်က္ ။ ။ in the kitchen သည္ Noun ႏွင့္ Preposition ေပါင္းထားေသာ Phrase ျဖစ္ၿပီး မစၥဂ်ဳံး ဘယ္မွာရွိသည္ဆိုတာ ေနရာ ျပေပးသျဖင့္ Adv Phrase ျဖစ္သည္။ ‘ထဲမွာ’ ျဖင့္ စတင္ကာ အနက္ေကာက္ယူသည္။

- He washed quickly because it was cold.
ေအးေသာေၾကာင့္ အလွ်င္အျမန္ သူ ေဆးေၾကာသည္။

ရွင္းလင္းခ်က္ ။ ။ washed ႏွင့္ was ႀကိယာႏွစ္ခု ပါေသာေၾကာင့္ Simple Sentence မဟုတ္ေတာ့ပါ။ because သည္ Subordinate Conjunction (သူတစ္ပါးကို မွီခိုေသာ စကားဆက္) ျဖစ္၍ ၎က စတင္ကာ အနက္ေကာက္ယူၿပီး ‘ေသာေၾကာင့္’ ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္သည္။ Conjunction သည္ Subordinate ျဖစ္သျဖင့္ Complex Sentence ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

- He could smell the breakfast which his mother had prepared for him.
သူ႔အတြက္ သူ႔အေမ ခ်က္ျပဳတ္ေပးေသာ နံနက္စာကို သူအန႔ံ ရသည္။

ရွင္းလင္းခ်က္။ ။ ဤဝါက်တြင္လည္း smell ႏွင့္ prepared ႀကိယာ ႏွစ္ခု ပါသျဖင့္ Simple Sentence မဟုတ္ဘဲ Complex Sentence ျဖစ္သည္။ prepared ဟူေသာ ႀကိယာ (verb) ေရွ႕တြင္ စကားဆက္ (which) ပါရွိၿပီး breakfast ဟူသည့္ Noun ကို အထူးျပဳေသာေၾကာင့္ Adj Clause ျဖစ္သျဖင့္ ‘ေသာ’ ျဖင့္ အနက္ေကာက္သည္။ which clause တြင္ for him ဟူေသာ Noun Phrase ပါရွိ၍ ၎ Phrase က စတင္ကာ ေရွ႕သို႔ အနက္ေကာက္သြားသည္။

- Peter sat down and ate breakfast.
ပီတာထိုင္(သည္။) ၿပီးေနာက္ နံနက္စာ စားသည္။

ရွင္းလင္းခ်က္ ။ ။ and ၏ေရွ႕တြင္ down ဟူေသာ preposition ရွိၿပီး ေနာက္တြင္ ate (verb) ရွိေနကာ ဝါစဂၤ(part of speech) မတူသျဖင့္ and ၏ ဝါက်ႏွင့္ ေနာက္က ဝါက်ကို သီးျခားစီ အနက္ေကာက္ရသည္။